English-Reading-Hand-Book
目录
介绍
A(或 An)和 The 两种冠词的基本含义及其使用方法
“A(或数字)+量词+of+被修饰的名词”及其类似结构
About 兼带 Around 和 Round 的用法分类及注意事项
Above用法及其分类理解
Across 的用法和按英语思维的理解
After 的搭配用法及注意事项
Against 用法及注意事项
Ahead 的用法特点
All 的主要用法
Alone 的用法和注意点
Along 的用法以及对其常用短语的理解
And 用法中几个值得注意的问题
Any 和 Some的用法及其差异
Apart 及 Apart From 的用法
As 的主要用法和判别
At 的基本含义及其搭配用法分类
Away 的搭配用法及其分类理解
Back 的搭配及其引申用法的理解
Be 的九种基本用法和判别
Because, Because of, Due to, Owing to, Thanks to 和 For 表示原因用法比较
Before 用法和几个在意义上不要混淆的问题
Behind 的用法及其常用短语
Being 的用法和注意点
Below 的用法
Beneath 和 Under, Below 用法比较
Beside 和 Besides的用法及注意事项
Between 和 Among 的用法辨异
Beyond 的搭配用法及理解
Both 的用法及注意点
But 及其搭配关系的用法和判别
By 的搭配用法及其分类理解
Can 的主要用法
Could 的主要用法
Do 的用法判别
Down 的搭配用法及其分类理解
Each 和 Every 的用法
-ed 结尾的或不规则动词的过去分词用法和判别
Either 和 Either… or 的用法
Enough 的用法
Ever 的用法
-ever 构成的合成词的用法和判别 Whoever, Whichever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However
Except 和介词 But 用法比较
First 的用法
For 的用法及其短语分类理解
Forth 的搭配用法
Forward(s) 的搭配用法
From 的搭配用法及其短语分类理解
Hardly 和 Scarcely 的用法及注意点
Have (或 Has) 的用法
How, How many, How much, How long, How far,How fast, How often 等用法
If 的用法
In 和 Into 的用法及其短语分类理解
inf. 动词不定式的用法和判别
-ing 现在分词和动名词的用法和判别
Inside 和 Outside 的用法
Instead of和 In place of 的用法
It 的用法和判别
Least(包括作“最不…”讲)的用法
Less(包括作“较不…”讲)的用法
Lest, In case 和 For fear that 引出从句的用法
Like 的搭配用法
Little 和 A Little 以及 Few 和 A Few 用法差异
Many 和 Much 的用法
May 的主要用法
Might 的主要用法
More 以及形容词和副词比较级的用法及注意点
Most 以及形容词和副词最高级的用法和注意点
Must 的主要用法
名词或其短语作前置定语及其新发展—夹带介词短语的名词性词组作前置定语
Near 的用法
Need 和 Dare 的用法及注意点
Neither, Nor 和 Neither… nor… 的用法
Never 用法
No matter how (或 what, where, who 等)疑问词的用法
None, Nobody (或 No one), Not one 和 Nothing 用法异同
Not 和 No 用法差别
Of 的主要用法及其固定短语的分类理解
Off 的用法及其固定短语的分类理解和判断
On 和 Upon 的用法及其固定短语的 分类理解和判断
Once 的用法
One 和 Ones 的用法
Or, Or Else, Else 的用法
Other 和 Another 用法差异
Other than 的用法
Otherwise 用法
Ought 的用法
Out 及 Out of 的各自搭配用法的理解和判断
Over 及其搭配用法分类理解和判断
代词有时出现在所代的名词之前
形容词型物主代词和名词型物主代词的用法辨异
Provided (that) 和 Providing (that) 的用法和判别
Rather 和 Fairly 的用法差异(联系近义词 Quite, Pretty)
Rather than 的用法和注意点
Right 用法
’s 的用法
Should 用法
Since 的用法和判别
So 的主要用法
So that 和 so (或 Such)… that 引导从句的用法和判别
Soon, No sooner… than 和 As soon as 的用法
Spite(主要是 In spite of)用法
Still 的用法和注意点
That 和 Those 的基本用法和判别
“比较级 + than”的用法和注意点
There be 结构及 there exists 等相类似的句子
Though 和 Although 的用法和注意点
Through 及其搭配的动词短语用法和判断
Throughout 的搭配用法
Time (Times) 的用法和注意点
To 的搭配用法及其分类理解
Together 的搭配用法及其分类理解
Too 的多种用法和判别
Toward(s) 的搭配用法及其分类理解
"Used + 带 to 的不定式","be used + to + 名词" 和 "be used + 带 to
Under 的搭配用法及其分类理解
Until 和 Till 的用法和理解
Up 的用法及其动词短语的分类理解和判断
Way 的主要用法及注意点
What 的用法和判别
When 的用法和判别
Where 的用法和判断
Whether 的用法和判断
Which 的用法和判断
While 的基本用法及判别
Who 和 Whom 的用法
Whose 的用法
Why的用法
Will 的主要用法
With 的各种搭配用法及分类理解
Within 的搭配用法
Without 的搭配用法
Would 的用法
Yet 的用法
动词时态
被动态和几个值得注意的问题
句子的种类
句子成分 (Sentence Components)
谓语在形式上和主语协调的十四种情况
介词短语在句中的用法和判别
注意:“介词+介词短语、副词或形容词”结构
宾语补(足)语及注意点
主语补(足)语及注意点
条件和假设
虚拟语气的用法
省 略 (Ellipsis)
同位语及同位语从句的表示法和判别
插入语及插入句用法
倒装语序和成分分割
数字或数量大小、数的增减、倍数和分数表示法
语法—逻辑判断—正确理解
新编英语阅读手册
叶永昌 主编
内容提要
本书开门见山,以英语关联词和常用词为引子,综合地讨论它们多种语法功能和搭配用法,使读者通过大量实例扎实地理解和掌握。
对于过去大多数只能死记硬背的“动词+副词或介词+……”的短语改为按英语思维形象化地去理解。这种“英语形象联想教学法”及有关内容荣获天津市优秀教学成果二、三等奖。书中均以动词短语中的介词或副词为引子,通过细致分类汇总了它们和有关动词搭配时的动词短语用法。例如,书中仅副词out的功能性用法分类就有10多种,并且各有许多举例汇总,于是形成形象和联想,语感油然而生。
本书还将编者荣获天津市优秀科研成果三等奖的“英语前置定语的新发展一一夹带介词短语的名词性词组作前置定语”介绍给读者,使读者开阔思路。
本书可供大学、中学师生阅读英语材料和学习英语时参考;也可供大学生参加四、六级英语考试,参加研究 生入学考试或托福考试前参考学习;还可供广大英语爱好者自学参考。
前言
本书是在作者原著《科技英语阅读手册》基础上增删编纂的。作者原著《科技英语阅读手册》印数高达130万册,深受读者欢迎。本书定名为《新编英语阅读手册》,一定程度上保留了作者原著特色,但更重要的是增加了作者近年来在全国各地所做的200多场学术讲座中的精彩内容。本书突出了下列几点:
(一)
对于英语口语中较为常用的“动词+副词或介词(如 about,at,in,on,off,out,over,up 等)”短语动词,全部按其搭配用法和特定的分类含义分门别类集中举例列出,并将过去一般只能死记硬背的固定短语改为按英语思维形象化地去理解。这种“英语形象联想教学法”及有关内容荣获天津市优秀教学成果二、三等奖。例如在“out 的搭配用法和理解”专题内,集中列出 beat out the fire(扑灭或打灭火),blow out the candle(吹灭蜡烛),crush the cigarette(掐灭香烟),stamp the fire(跺灭火),turn out(或off)the light(熄灯、旋灭灯或关灯)等许多个短语动词,使读者明白,副词 out 表示各种方式“灭火”中的“灭”,于是对于The fire was out [“火灭”的静态] 及 The fire went out [“火灭”的动态] 便迎刃而解。本书对于上述功能性的副词或介词,都按其各种功能性用法分类举例汇总。例如“各种穿戴”多数用 on。有时用 into 或 in;各种脱衣一般用 off。但 on 还可表示“继续下去”之意,便又单开一个分类,将 go on(走下去,进行下去),drive on(继续开车),read on(读下去),say on(说下去),work on(继续工作下去),write on(写下去)等几十个类似用法列为一类。on 或 off 的其它 10 多种功能性用法也都是以举例汇总形式集中介绍,于是形成“联想”,语感油然而生。作者已在全国 20 多个省市举办学术讲座 200 多次,以推广这种提高英语语感颇为有效的教学方法。有位南昌大学的学生在致作者的贺年卡上写道:“……我正在读您的书,多处有‘茅塞顿开,猛然醒悟’的感觉,特此向您表示感谢。”另有一名湖南师范大学的学生在听完讲座后立即上讲台请求和作者拥抱,接着又请求第二次拥抱,台下众多学生热烈鼓掌,场面令人难忘。
(二)
将作者荣获天津市优秀科研成果三等奖的“名词作前置定语的新发展——夹带介词短语的名词性词组作前置定语”有关内容编入书中,向读者展示理解英语搭配的新思路。例如 Clinton State of Union Address(克林顿的国情演讲),Right to Life Rally(维护生存权的集会)等。
(三)
语法讲解一般用句型、结构或常用关联词的搭配用法等来介绍,以便达到“开门见山,简明易懂”的效果。举例尽量用浅易的词汇,并尽可能体现新时代特色。例如,在用例中出现:信息技术产业、第三产业、电子商务、数字高清晰度电视、多媒体电脑、笔记本电脑、掌上电脑、光电脑、因特网、网上聊天、网上购物或交易、访问网站、网民、网吧、电子邮件、语音邮件、软件开发公司、移动电话(或手机)、寻呼机、可视电话、航天飞机、载人宇宙飞船、试管婴儿、经济型轿车、知识经济、网络经济、克隆技术、WT0(世贸组织)、GDP(国内生产总值)、电视电话会议、计算机病毒、自由贸易区、出口加工区、经济特区、中关村科技园区、高架路、立交桥、内(或外)环路、信息高速公路、上海南京路第一商业步行街、东方明珠电视塔、计算机病毒、中华世纪坛、星级饭店、世界财富论坛、服装展览、房地产市场、开发大西北、科教兴国、家庭服务公司等。
(四)
目录分为按中心词即关联词和常用词的英语字母顺序的目录以及传统的英语语法目录,以便读者能方便迅速地查到所需的参考内容。
本书由天津大学外语系叶永昌教授主编。参加部分编写工作的有:(按姓氏笔划为序)毛继光、丛理、田文娟、叶爱华、叶盛、刘文彬、刘茜红、向荣、吴茜、李宝毅、忻晓燕、姜洪、顾礼芬、姚家庆、张纹祯、张廉明、 逯荣、陶钢、黄嬿、曹青、崔春利等。
本手册可供大学、中学学生学习英语时参考;也可供高中生考大学,大学生考四、六级英语或参加研究生入学英语考试或托福考试前参考学习。本书还可供广大的英语爱好者自学时参考。
本书在编写中,缺点错误在所难免,希望广大读者批评指正,以便进一步修改。
A(或 An)和 The 两种冠词的基本含义及其使用方法
一、冠词的基本含义
顾名思义,英语冠词通常位于所说的名词的最前面。英语冠词分为:不定冠词 a,an 和定冠词 the。
I. a,an 一个,其中 an 用于其后跟着的词或缩写词的第一个音是元音的条件下。例如:
an old scientist 一位老科学家;
an interesting book 一本有趣的书;
an hour 一小时;
get an M. A. 获得文科硕士学位;
an A student 一位成绩优秀的学生等。
不定冠词 a 和 an 表示“一个(任何一个)”,常用于系动词后的单数名词(可数名词作表语)前,表示某人、某物属于哪个类别,用于泛指某人、某物或指某一类人或某一类物中任何一个。这时强调的是类别,而不是个数。例如:
He is a worker. 他是(一位)工人。(言外之意,他不是学生、农民。)
This is an axe. 这是一把斧子。(言外之意,这不是锤子、钉子。)
He is a test tube baby. 他是试管婴儿。(言外之意,他不是一般的婴儿。)
定冠词 the 表示特指的某一个或某一些,而不是任何一个或任何一些。现在我们介绍 a 和 the 的基本用法:
There is a cloning technology laboratory here. The laboratory was set up last year. 这里有一个克隆技术实验室。该实验室是去年建成的。
II. 对于定冠词的用法必须注意下列四点:
A. 某可数名词单数首次出现时,通常先用不定冠词。第二次再提到时就改用定冠词。例如:
Boys often like dogs very much. The animals can listen to their masters.
男孩常常喜欢狗。这种动物能听从主人。(名词 animals 是第一次出现。由于它指前面的 dogs 而言,故加 the。但 dogs 系泛指,故不用定冠词。)
B. 如果有关各方(讲话者、听讲者、作者、读者等)都知道指何人、何物而言,尽管第一次出现,仍用定冠词。例如:
She will go to the computer center. 她将去计算机中心。(句中“计算机中心”必须是有关各方都知道的“那个计算机中心”。)
Silicon does not occur in the free state in nature, and very few people have seen the pure substance. 硅在自然界不以游离状态存在,很少有人看到过纯硅。(“游离状态”是共知的,故前加 the,而后面的 pure substance 虽是第一次出现,但是指的就是前面出现的 silicon(硅),故必须用 the,以表示特指。译文干脆译为“纯硅”,正体现了这个特指。)
C. the 是特指某一个或某一些的,在一定上下文中可不必译出“这个”或“这些”。上面两句中三个 the 都没有译出。
D. 专有名词前面的 the 表示独一无二的事物,如 sun(太阳)等词前面的 the,包括海洋、江河、山脉等专门名称和形容词最高级前面的 the,都不必把 the 译出,按汉语习惯用法处理即可。例如:
the Republic of France 法兰西共和国(注:单个名词作国家名称一般不用加 the。例如:China 中国,Japan 日本等。)
the Pacific太平洋,the Mediterranean 地中海,the Roeky Mountains 落基山脉等。
the moon 月亮,the Mars 火星等。
This is the most important problem. 这是最重要的问题。
二、冠词的实用价值
Ⅰ. 用 a 和 one 有时意思有差别:a 指“一个”、“任何一个”,而 one 侧重 数字,即是“一个”,不是“两个”、“三个”。
The roof will collapse at a blow. 这屋顶一打准垮。(意思是不必推、踢或用机器砸等。)
The roof will collapse at one blow. 这屋顶打一下准垮。(意思是不需要两下、三下。)
He will stay here for more than a week. 他将在这里呆一周多时间。(如一周零三天等。)
They will stay here for more than one week. 他们将在这里逗留不止一周的时间。(恐怕呆两周、三周等。)
II. 用或不用冠词,意义上有差别:
A. 物质名词不用冠词;若用冠词,意思就不同或具体化。
glass 玻璃;a glass 一只玻璃杯;the glass 这只玻璃杯
tin 白铁;a tin 一个白铁罐;the tin 这个白铁罐
iron 铁;an iron 熨斗;irons 镣铐
water 水;the water of this well 这口井的水
matter 物质;(a matter 一件事;the matter 那件事,那物质)
ice 冰;an ice 一个冰淇淋
B. 某些词或词组用或不用冠词,意思也有所不同:
experience 经验;an experience 一种经历
man 人类;(a man 一个(男)人)
Brown 勃朗(姓);The Browns 勃朗一家,勃朗夫妇
the red and white flower,红白花(一种杂色的花);the red and the white flower 红花和白花(两种花)
few books 没多少书(含有否定意味);a few books 少数几本书(虽也指数量少,但含有肯定意味)
little water 没多少水(否定意味);a little water 少许水(肯定意味)
注:注意 few 用于可数名词复数,而 little 用于不可数名词。
a kind of matter 一种物质;the kind of matter 这种物质
the number of instruments 仪表的数量;a number of instruments 一些仪表
three of us 我们中间的三个人;the three of us 我们三个人
out of question 毫无疑问;out of the question 不可 能的(常作表语)
be at table (dinner,meal)在吃饭;be at the table 在桌旁
goto school 上学,goto the school 去这个学校,go to business 出差,go to a business 去一家公司
take place(事故等)发生;take the place of …代替(某人或某物)
stand in front of the car 站在车子前面(在车外);stand in the front of the car 站在车子前部(在车上)
a. They are teachers of our school. 他们是我校的教师。(指他们是学校教师的一部分。)
b. They are the teachers of our school. 他们是我校的教师(指我校教师的全体)。
a. There is room beside me. 我旁边有空地。
b. This is a room. 这是一个房间。
a. He is a student of Tianjin University. 他是天津大学的学生。
b. This is a place of a house. 这是一座宫殿式的房子。(斜体部分作前置定语。of 后的名词为单数时,前面加 a。这是一种固定结构。又如:a(或 that)giant of a man 一个(或那个)巨人般的男子汉等。
a. In case of fire, ring the alarm bell. 如遇火灾,即按警铃。
b. Take an umbrella with you in case (that) it (should) rain. 请随身带伞,以防下雨。
c. Climate is especially important in the case of our products. 就我们的产品来说。气候特别重要。
C. 抽象名词一般不用冠词;若用冠词,意思就具体化:
a. He is fond of music. 他喜欢音乐。(music 为泛指。)
b. Do you like to listen to the music. 你喜欢听这种音乐吗?(the music 为特指。)
a. They are all of age. 他们都已成年。
b. We are all of an age. 我们都是同年龄的。
D. 形容词最高级前不用 the,则作“十分…”解:
This is a most interesting book. 这是一本十分有趣的书。(比较:This is the most interesting book I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有趣的一本书。)
The chemical energy in coal and oil is the energy of greatest importance to the industrial world. 煤和石油内的化学能是工业世界十分重要的能量。
III. 利用“冠词后面一般要求有名词”来判断词类以及某些其他句子成分。
A. 用以判断名词:
When matter changes to a substance different from what it was, the change is a chemical change. 当物质变成和原来不同的物质时,该变化是化学变化。(三个 change 中,后两个 change 前有冠词,意味着后两个准是名词. )
He cannot answer this question at once, but can find the answer to it in the book. 他不能马上回答这个问题,但是能从那本书里找到问题的答案。(上句第二个 answer 前有 the,能用以判断它是名词。)
Now the building of houses is one of the important tasks. 目前,建造房屋是重要任务之一。(“the+-ing+of…”结构中,-ing 只能作名词用。)
It takes a force of about 10,000 volts to force electricity through one centimeter of air. (迫)使电流通过一厘米厚的空气层,就需要约 10,000 伏特的电动势。(两个 force,一个前面有冠词 a,必为名词,本义作“力”解;另一个前面有 to,并无冠词,必为不定式。)
They went to the play. 他们去看戏了。(句中有 the,表示 play 为名词;若无 the,则 play 为动词,与前面 to 构成不定式,句义变为:他们去玩耍了。)
B. 在冠词和它所说明的名词之间一般都有定语:
the reading-room 这个阅览室;the building materials 这些建筑材料;the operating conditions 这些操作条件;a measuring instrument 一个测量仪表(全是动名词作定语,表示用途。)
the moving water 这种流动的水;a burning candle 一支点燃着的蜡烛;the faster moving molecules 那些运动较快的分子(全是现在分词作定语)
the wasted energy 被消耗的能量;the best known chemical plant 最有名(或最熟悉)的化工厂(全是过去分词作定语)
the oil pump 这台油泵;a glass plant 一个玻璃厂;a water pump plant 一个水泵厂(名词或其词组作定语)
C. 在分析句子时冠词可为判别其他成分提供线索:
The crane is contactor controlled by operating rod. 这台起重机是通过操纵一个杆,用接触器来控制的。
初看起来,controlled by… 好像作 contactor 的定语。但由于 contactor 是可数名词,若它作表语,就必须有一个冠词 a。因为没有冠词 a,就否定了上述的理解。可以把上句谓语理解为 is controlled,而 contactor 放在过去分词前用以表示控制这台起重机的工具或手段(详见第37节 V-C 和 Ⅶ-B)。这样 一来,用不用 a 就为句子分析提供了重要的线索。后面 rod 前用了 a,也反过来说明前面的 operating 是介词 by 的宾语,而不能是 rod 的定语。
The oil and the textile industry have exceeded the plan.
石油工业和纺织工业都已超额完成计划。(谓语用复数形式,但动词前面两个 the 已说明主语是两个,只是 oil 后省略了industry。后面的 plan 前面有 the,表明 plan 不能作动词用,只能做名词。)
He is an engineer and manager. 他是工程师兼经理。(只用一个不定冠词表示一人兼两职。)
There is a watch and chain on the table. 桌上有一块安上表链的表。(若在 chain 前加 a,则变为一块表和一根表链,两者似乎没装配在一起。)
注:有时是为了避免重复而省略后面的相同冠词。例如:a man and (a) woman 一男一女;the books and papers 这些书和论文等。
D. the 后面只有形容词而无名词,则 the 使形容词名词化了,并使之代表某些人或物。
例如:the poor 穷人;the rich 富人;the former 前者;the latter 后者;the unexpected 意料不到的事等。
三、注意四个问题
I. 冠词 a 还可以作 “per每” 用:
We go on holiday twice a year(或… twice per year). 我们每年度假两次。
The car is running fifty miles an hour. (= … per hour. )汽车正以每小时五十英里速度行驶。
II. “the + 比较级,the + 比较级”句型中的 the 不是冠词,而是副词:
The higher the temperature,the more liquid evaporates. 温度越高,蒸发的液体就越多。
本句型中第一个 the 是关系副词,有 by how much 之意,第二个 the 是指示副词,有 by so much 之意。
III. 有时用“the+单数名词(可数名词)”表示全类属,意味着把这一类属和另一类属相比。
例如:
The telephone is very useful. 电话很有用。(意指与望远镜、显微镜等类属相比。)
A telephone is very useful. 电话很有用。(指任何一台电话有用,从而用这种方式来代替整个类属。)
The telephone was invented in 1876. 电话发明于1876年。
Ⅳ. 冠词不占修饰语首位的几种情况:
A. 不定冠词倒置情况:
当单数的可数名词前面的形容词又有 so,as,how,however,too 修饰时,不定冠词只能置于形容词后面;遇到 quite 和 rather 时,多半置于其后;遇到 such,many 和感叹句中的 what 时,也只能置于其后。例如:
He has obtained so precise a result. 他得到了如此精确的结果。
He is as good a soldier as he was. 他和从前一样,是一个好战士。
How fine a sight is it? 这景色有多美呢?
This is too difficult a problem. 这是个过分难的问题。
It is rather a long time since she left Tianjin. 她离开天津有较长一段时间了。
We did the experiment in quite a different way. 我们用截然不同的方法做了这个实验。
I haven’t seen such a robot before. 我从未见过这样的机器人。
Many a student speaks English well. 许多学生英语说得好。
What a beautiful subway station(it is)! 多么漂亮的地铁站!
B. 定冠词倒置情况:
定冠词遇到 all,both,quite,half,twice,double,three times 等词语时,通常就后置. 例如:
All the students watch network TV. 所有这些学生都看网络电视。
Both the answers are wrong. 这两个答案都是错的。
It is quite the contrary. 完全相反。
It is three times the size of my room. 这是我的房间大小的三倍。
I have walked half the distance. 我步行了一半的距离。
注1:如果 half,double 等词作纯粹的形容词用,则仍应置于冠词之后. 例如:
a half width 一半的宽度(注意:a half hour 等于 half an hour);the double journey 往返行程。
注2:当用 much,exactly 等词修饰 same 时,则它们位于 the same 之前。例如:
Both of them have exactly(或 much )the same properties. 这两者具有完全(或大致)相同的性质。
四、有时标题中的定冠词被省略
China soccer youth to train in cities. 中国青年足球运动员将在几个城市培训(cities 前省略 the)
China-biggest wheat producer in world. 中国是世界上最大的小麦生产国(world 前省略 the。)
New joint venture to produce hi-tech goods. 一家新合资企业准备生产高科技产品。(标题前省略不定冠词A。)
American astronaut lands on Moon. 一个美国宇航员登上月球(标题前省略 An,而 Moon 前省略 the。)
五、夹带介词短语的名词性词组有前置定语时,其中定冠词一般都不用。
例如:the careless use of gun accident 用枪不慎的事故(详见69节)
六、常见的不能使用不定冠词的普通名词
advice 劝告,equipment 设备,furniture 家具,information 信息或情报,bread 面包,corn 谷类,electricity 电,courage 勇气,bravery 勇敢,flour 面粉,grass 草,honesty 诚实,happiness 幸福,ink 墨水,intelligence 智力或情报,jewelry 珠宝,lightning 闪电,luggage 行李,laughter 笑,beer 啤酒,luck 运气,dust 灰尘,dirt 肮脏,milk 牛奶,darkness 黑暗,love 爱,peace 和平,sunshine 阳光照耀,soap 肥皂,soup 汤,toast 烤面包,thunder 雷,water 水,weather 天气,space 宇宙空间,importance 重要性,heat 热等。
请多查“现代高级英汉双解辞典”等,因为在这些辞典中不可数名词全部标出。
注:物质名词和抽象名词通常为不可数名词。病名通常也都是不可数名词。
“A(或数字)+ 量词 + of + 被修饰的名词”及其类似结构
本类型结构在英语中广泛使用。of后的名词一般不用冠词。例如:a piece of furniture 一件家具,a cake of soap 一块肥皂,two kinds of water 两种水,three cups of milk 三杯牛奶,four sheets of paper 四张纸,10,000 kilometers of high-speed roads 一万公里高速公路,a number of books一些书或好多书,five days of classes 五天课,3,000,000 bytes of memory 三百万字节的内存,a group of trees 一些树等。注意有时还可用形容词 different,various 等词代替前面的数字。例如:different new types of computers各种新型的计算机,various branches of knowledge 各方面的知识等。
当上述短语作主语时,谓语用单数还是复数,可参阅第 138 节四和五。
注:见到“the 温度、电阻等名称 + of + 度数、欧姆数等”结构,则后者为前者的同位语。例如:a pressure of three atmospheres 压强三个大气压;a volume of two cubic meters 体积 2 立方米;a resistance of five ohms 5 欧姆电阻;a total investment of two billion yuan 总投资 20 亿元等。
About 兼带 Around 和 Round 的用法分类及注意事项
一、介词兼副词 about 作“周围”、“ 四周”、“附近”、“身上”讲。
There is a white fence about the house. 这幢房子周围有白色篱笆。(介词短语作地点状语。)
Very few of the everyday things about us are really in pure states of matter. 我们周围的日常用物中几乎没有真正是物质纯态的。(后置定语)
All about is the white snow. 周围一切都是白雪。(副词作后置定语。)
Look about and tell me what you see. 向四周看一下,并告诉我你看见了什么。(副词和前面 look 构成固定动词短语。)
We see things moving about here and there. 我们看见物质在各处动来动去。(副词 about 和前面 moving 构成固定的动词短语。)
Nobody seemed about, so she went in. 附近似乎无人,所以她就进去了。(副词)
There is a strange smell about him. 他身上有一种怪味。(状语);
Have you any money about (或 with) you? 你身上带钱吗?(状语)
二、介词 about 和有关动词连用,表示“在某地范围内活动或动来动去”。
go about(或 around, round)…(某人)在(城)里转悠或游览,(消息、疾病)在(某地)传开,(地球)围着(太阳)转动
get about (或 around, round)…在(市区即 the downtown)转悠或游览
kick about(或 around)…在(欧洲)跑来跑去或西荡东游
a. look about(或 around,round)…在(房子或火车站)内查看或东看西看,游览(全城)[由“在市内各处看看”引申过来]
b. look about(或 around)… for… 在(房间)内到处寻找(他的钢笔等)[“look about(作副词用)for…”则作“环顾四周或在周围附近寻找(某人或某物)”讲。
三、介词 about 作“关于”或“涉及”、“从事”讲,是从本义“围绕”引申过来。
What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么啊?(直译:你们在围绕着什么 谈论啊?)
They spoke to us about their reform plan. 他们跟我们讲了关于他们的改革计划。(直译:他们围绕着改革计划给我们讲了一下。)
The question is about what to do next. (句中不定式短语 what to do next 作介词宾语。)问题涉及到下一步怎么办。(直译:问题是围绕在下一步怎么办。)
He set about writing his report. 他开始(或着手)去写他的报告。(about 仍含有“围绕”之意。)
What do you know about how industrial oxygen is produced? 关于工业氧如何生产的问题,你知道些什么呢?(介词 about 后接一个介词宾语从句。)
注:介词 about 和 on 都作“关于”讲,但前者涉及的内容较为普遍,而后者学术性气氛强些。例如:
1) a. a book about Asia 一本介绍亚洲的书
b. a book on Asia 一本研究亚洲的书
2) a. a conversation about air pollution 一次关于空气污染的谈话
b. a lecture on air pollution 一个空气污染专题讲座
四、副词 about 作“大约”、“差不多”、“左右”讲其实都是从本义“附近”、“周围”引申过来。about 常可用 almost,some,around 或 more or less代替(参阅第 149 节)
This container is about the size of a glass. 这个容器约有玻璃杯那样大。
The cordless phone weighs about 70 grams. 该无绳电话重约 70 克。
About how many video discs do you have? 你大概有多少影碟?
五、“b3(或 seem)+ about + 不定式动词…”表示“立即或正要做某事”或者“似乎立即或正要做某事”之意。
这里 about 为副词,由“大约→差不多→马上”引申过来,因此句中不再允许用作“马上”讲的 at once 或 immediately 之类的词语。例如:
She is about to speak. 她正要讲。
They seem about to start the microcomputers. 看来他们就要开动这些微电脑了。
This is a gas about to undergo further treatment. 这是一种要进一步处理的气体。(后置定语)
六、利用 about 的本义“围绕”、“附近”,在结合其搭配的动词情况下,引申到“动来动去”、“四下”、“到处”、“从事”、“涉及”等来理解下列短语动词
The little boy ran about looking for his mother. 小男孩(那时)东奔西跑寻找他的妈妈。(about 作“动来动去”、“到处”讲。这是结合它所搭配的动词由“附近”引申为“来回奔跑”。)
Look about for the credit card. 四下或到处寻找那张信用卡
They know what you are about. 他们知道你在干什么。(句中about结合其搭配的动词由“围绕…”引申到含有“从事”之意。)
a. walk about(或around)…在(房间、街道)范围内走来走去
b. take a walk about(或 around)…在(校园,即 the campus)里走走
七、下列短语中副词 about 仍含有“附近”、“周围”之意
There are a few people about. 附近有几个人。
Few people seemed about. 当时附近似乎没有多少人。
We found her about. 当时我们发现她在附近。
go a long way about 兜一大圈子,
bring about… 引起或产生(一种变化即 a change)[由“把…引到附近周围”引申过来]
come about(事故即 the accident)发生[由“…来到附近周围”引申而宋]
八、下列固定短语中副词 about 含有“到处”之意,但与有关动词搭配已引申为“随意”、“随便”,进而又发展为“乱放”、“乱扔”之意
play about(或 around, round)(孩子们)在玩耍逗趣
horse about(或 around)(他们)随便哄闹[常用进行时态]
nose about for information 到处打听信息[直译:到处嗅闻以获取信息]
leave sth. about 乱放某物
Throw (或 toss) sth. about 乱抛扔某物
order sb. about 随便或任意使唤某人
九、必须指出,表示“周围”、“到处”含义的 about,大多数可在动词短语中用 around 或 round 来代替
stand about(或 around,round)the teacher 站在老师周围
stand about(或 around)到处站或随意站着并不干活
look about(或 around,round)向四周看
run about(或 around)东奔西跑等
注:around (或 round) 还可用于表示环行动作或曲线动作,这时就不应该用 about 代替。例如:around the corner of the street 在马路拐角处,around the clock 整天(由“钟表上的时针转圈”引申过来)等。
Above 用法及其分类理解
一、介词 above 表示位置“在…以上”(若表示正中垂直的位置“在…以上”则用 over)、“数量大于…”或“价值超过…”之意
This mountain is 2,000 feet above the sea. 这座山海拔 2000 英尺。(表语。不能用 over 替代,因为山不是位于海平面的垂直方向之上。)
This pager weighs above 50 grams. 这个寻呼机重 50 多克。(状语。也可用 over 代替 above.)
His lecture is above me (=above my head = above my understanding = beyond me). 他的讲座我无法理解。(指“超过我的理解能力”而言。)
Above all, we must first clone a panda. 最重要的是我们必须首先克隆一只熊猫。(above all 也可用 above all things 或 above everything 代替。)
He may think himself above others. 他也许以为自己高人一等。(宾语补语。本句也可用另外方式表示:He may get above himself. 他也许自以为了不起。(由“他也许变成超过了自己的身价”引申过来。)
Don’t put (或 set, place) the notice above the door. 勿把通知贴在门的上方。
We must place (或 put, set) the needs of the motherland above (或 before) our own interests. 我们必须将祖国需要置于我们自己利益之上(或 之前)。
He always values (或 rates) his honour above his life. 他总是看重信誉高于生命。
She is above doing such a thing. 她不至于会做这样的事。(表语。由“她或她的身份是高于做这样的事”引申过来,从中可体会出有“不屑于做某事”的意味。)
a. I thought he had risen above being late for the meeting. 我原以为他已改掉了开会迟到的毛病。(按上句方式理解。)
b. The sun is slowly rising above the sea. 太阳正在海面上方冉冉升起。(状语)
二、副词 above 作“在上面”或“在上头”讲
Our physics laboratory is just above. 我们的物理实验室就在楼上。(不是指正中垂直方向的上方。)
What was mentioned above counts for much. 上面提到的内容很有价值。(主语从句)
These new types of computers listed above are of great value。上面所列出的那些新型计算机是很有价值的。
注:上述三例句中的 above 不能用 over 代替。
三、above 作形容词用,表示“以上的”、“上述的”之意。不能用 over 代替
The above explanation will help answer this question. 上述解释将帮助答这个问题。
The above three acids are strong acids, not weak acids. 上述三种酸是强酸,不是弱酸。(如果 above 前面没有the,意思就变为“三种以上的酸”。)
What type of error is similar to the above? 哪种类型的误差和上面的相似?(形容词 above 前加 the 后名词化。)
Please look at the production order above. 请看上面生产定单。(但句中 above 为副词作后置定语。)
Across 的用法和按英语思维的理解
一、介词 across 作“横过、穿过、跨越…”讲
a. millions of schools across the world 全世界千百万个学校
b. across the years 多年以来[由“跨过这些年”引申过来]
abridge across the river 跨越这 条河的一座桥
come (或 go) across…(我)穿过(房间)迎接客人[后接 to meet the guests]
come across her mind(一种新的想法即 a new idea)在她脑海中掠过[表示“她脑海中浮现一种新的想法”]
fly across the sky 飞过天空
go across… 穿过(马路即 the road 等)
hurry across the bridge to the school(某人)匆忙过桥去学校
move across… 穿过(马路等)
put more people across the river(新桥)使更多人过河
run across… 跑着穿过(马路)
sail for across the sea 远航海外(或渡洋)
send sb. across the river 送某人过河
swim across… (他)游泳过(河)、(乌云)浮游掠过(月亮)
step across the stream 一步跨过小溪
walk across… 步行穿过(花园即 the garden 等)
二、介词 across 作“在……对面”,“在……的另一边”或“与……相交叉”讲时用法汇总(实质上由“横跨……”、“从……一边到另一边”引申过来)
be across the street.(这个医院)位于街道对面
the music from across the street. 来自街道对过的乐声(across 短语作介词 from 的宾语。)
lay a stick across another one. 将一根棍子跟另一根交叉放
lie across…(一棵大树)横躺在(铁路即 the railway 等)
sit across the desk from sb. (我)隔着书桌坐在某人对面
be connected across…(伏特计即 the volt meter)跨接(一线圈即 a coil)
pass across…(这条直线即 this straight line)与(另一条直线即 another one)相交
三、介词 across 和有关动词连用,表示“偶然碰到…”时的用法举例
这时 across 表示“偶然与…相接触”,其实是由“与…相交”引申过来。
come across… 偶然碰到或偶然发现(我丢失的手表即 my lost watch)
Drop across… 偶然碰到( 我的英语老师等),碰巧发现(一张旧照片等)
fall across sb. 无意中遇见某人或与某人邂逅
ran across… 偶然看到(一位老同学等),偶然发现(一张地图等)[但 run across the field 为“跑步越过田野”,而在英国英语中 run sb. across the field 则作“用车带某人越过田野”讲。]
四、副词 across 表示“过去”、“过来”或“从一边到另一边”时跟有关动词连用的短语动词举例
这实际上可理解为在一定的上下文中省略或不便于提介词 across 后面的介词宾语演变过来。例如:
a. be across at 8 某人在八点钟过来
b. The river is one kilometer across. 这条河有一公里宽。(这里 across 表示横跨宽度。)
a. come across(他)从另一边走过来
b. come across with… [俚](我)同(这些学生)涉水过来的,(她)过来提供(所需的钱或情况等)[这里 across 仍含有从一边走“过来”之意]
a. bring sb. across 带某人过去[结合上下文可加译“过河、过广场”等]
b. bring sb. across to the office 带领某人到办公室
a. get across to an island by boat 乘船摆渡(过去)到一个岛上[译文也可不必写出 across 含义“过去”两字]
b. get(v. )across to…(这条船)把(我们)摆渡(过去)到(一个岛即 an island)上;(某建议)被(我)理解[由“某建议走过一段距离到我身上”引申过来]
glance across at sb. (我)往那边的某人瞟了一眼[意译。表示“我的视线在中间要越过一段距离”]
a. go across(他)走过去[结合上下文,可理解为穿过马路或小溪等]
b. go across to…(他)走(过去)到(窗户、中公室等)
help Sb. across. 帮助某人过去[结合上下文可理解为“过马路”、“过河”等]
jump acrossa(他)跳过去[结合上下文可理解为“跳过小溪”等] 。
put… across 把(某人)送到对岸或马路对面,把(桥)跨建过河,把…讲清楚[后面还可接 to sb. ,变为“把…给某人讲清楚”]
row across 划船过去,划船过河
swim across (乌云)浮游掠过,(他们)游过去
saw a plank across 横锯一块木板[由“对一块木板从这一边锯到那一边”引申转译过来]
tear the letter across 将信撕成两半[与上句用法相似]
五、副词 across 和有关动词搭配,表示“(使)理解或领会”含义
这时 across 仍由其本义“过去”、“过来”、“从一边到另一边”引申过来
a. get… across (某人)讲清(他的建议)[由“使建议传达过去被人理解”引申过来]
b. cannot get across(我的想法即 my idea)不能被人理解
c. get… across to sb. (我)使(这个想法)被某人理解
a. put sth. across to the public(她)把(这个计划)向公众讲清楚
b. be put across to the crowd(这个想法)向群众讲明白或被群众理解
c. He put himself across (to the voters) as a suitable leader. 他向选民阐明他是一个很合适的领导者。
六、结合上下文,正确理解 across 的本义及其动词短语的引申用法
come across sb. (偶然遇见某人),其原义是“跨过某人走过来”,一般必然是较为突然的,否则就会踩人身子。后来又引申用到 come across sth. (偶然遇见某物)。如果 sth. 是一种新东西或新的现象,就可理解为“发现…”。将其中 come 改用 run,意思基本相同。在理解 A good idea came across my mind 时,仍应从本义出发即原义为“…掠过我的脑海”,然后理解为“一个好主意浮现在我脑海中”。因此,不能把 come across… 唯一地理解为“偶然碰见…”。至于 come across(副词),就可理解为“横向通过或穿过什么而过来”,只是结合上下文没有具体指出横向通过的是什么而已。例如:
1) He came across to talk to me. 他走过来和我谈话。
2) She did not come across as well on the stage as on radio. 她在舞台上就不如在电台上那样成功。
a. step across a stream 跨过一条小溪
b. Step across and have tea with me tonight. 今晚过来同我一起喝茶。(说话双方对于住址之间的距离心照不宣,于是用 across 副词形式。)
cut across the field. 字面上意思是“横切穿过田野”,但其目的是走捷径,因此应理解为“抄近路从这片田野横穿过去”才是英语本义。Cut across the plan 字面上是“横向剪切这项计划”,故应理解为“打乱或损害…”之意。若后面用sb. ,则变为“触犯某人”之意。
Put… across… 本义为“让…通过(或穿过)……”。例如:You can’t put that across me. 你不可能让那件事在我身上通过(即你这件事骗不了我)。但在“put her across”一句中,就须注意上文和当时情景。若前面是一条河,就应理解为“把她送过河去”;如果是“Put this deal across”,就变为“让这笔交易成功”;如果是“If your idea is put across well, the students will understand it”,则就变为“如果你的想法能表达清楚,学生是会理解的。”
由此可见,学习英语固定短语,不能光凭词典上的几条译义,而应从英语本身角度考虑。这就是我们常说的 thinkin English(用英语思维)的道理。
After 的搭配用法及注意事项
一、after 作介词用,表示时间、顺序方面“……之后”之意
It was a few minutes after (或 past) ten. 那时是十点过几分。
He went to the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area after a few days. 几天以后他去了北京经济技术开发区。
After having been discussed the newspaper report was published. 这份新闻报告在讨论以后就发表了。(动名词短语作介词 after 的宾语。)
Monday comes after Sunday. 星期一在星期日之后。
After school they will leave their classroom one after another. 放学后他们将一个接着一个地离开教室。
After you! 请先走!
二、介词 after 还作“仿”、“依照”解,用在某些动词后面含有“追踪”、“探求”之意
That bookcase was made after a new model. 该书柜系仿照新的样式制作。
They have many pictures after famous painters. 他们有许多摹仿著名画家的画。
He began to run after the bus. 他开始追赶那辆公共汽车。
They went there after natural gas. 他们去那里勘探天然气。
Obviously they came here to seek(或 search)after(或 for)the truth. 显然他们是为追求真理而来的。
三、after 作时间从句的连接词用,仍作“在……以后”讲
After I came back he went to the electronic mall. 我回来后他去电子商场了。(本句中 after 从句的谓语也可用过去完成时。)
Soon after she arrived she began to work at Bank of China. 她到达以后不久就在中国银行开始工作了。(同上).
We found his credit card two days after he went(或 had gone)away. 他走了两天以后我们才发现他的信用卡。
The real nature of heat was established long after the concept of temperature became understood. 在温度概念为人所了解以后很久才确定了热的实质。(同上)
上述各句中 after 引导的时间从句中谓语也可用过去完成时,因其动作都是在主句谓语动词过去时所表示的动作发生之前发生的。但是,由于 after 本身的词义已把主句和从句的过去时谓语动词的动作先后分清,故有时全用一般过去时。
四、after 作副词用,表示“以后”之意
We can do that after (=later)。我们以后能做到。
That happened long after. 很久以后才发生了那件事。
五、几点注意事项
Ⅰ. 表示从现在算起的“几天(几小时)后”,不能用 after,要用 in。
I shall go to the investment bank in a few days. 隔几天我去投资银行。
II. 表示过去或将来某时刻以后,仍用 after。如果要表达从过去某时刻算起,一直延续到说话时刻为止,则应该用 since,不能用 after。
She will go to the on-net coffee shop after nine o’clock tomorrow. 明天九点以后她将去网上咖啡店。(不能用 in 代替 after,因这个时间不是从现在算起的时间累积数。)
After 1949 he lived in Tianjin. 1949 年后他住在天津。(不能用 since 代替 after。)
I have been living here since 1949. 从 1949 年以来,我一直住在这里。(不能用 after 代替 since,因 since 表示从过去某时刻开始,一直延续到现在。)
III. 用 after 引出的时间状语从句不用将来时,要用现在时(包括现在一般时、现在完成时和现在进行时)代替将来时的相应形式。若用 since 引出时间状语从句,则从句内常用过去一般时或过去完成时。
He will leave after I arrive. 他将在我到达后离开。(勿用 shall arrive 代。)
The boy will go home after he has sold all the newspapers. 这男孩将在卖完所有报后再回家。(句中 after 后现在完成时实系表示将来完成时。)
Ⅳ. 注意用 after 引出的定语从句修饰前面的含有时间意义的名词:
He arrived the day after you left Tianjin. 他是在你离津的第二天到达的。(被修饰的名词 the day 在句中作时间状语。)
六、根据 after 的基本词义“以后”、“仿照”以及由此引申出来的“追逐、追求、关心”)用形象思维或逻辑思维方法来领会并记忆下列固定短语
look (或 see) after a child 照顾小孩(看管小孩只 能是在小孩后面看才能保证小孩不出意外。因此这是一幅很生动的画面)
go (或 run) after a girl 追求一个女孩
go (或 run) after the wounded deer 追逐受伤的鹿
follow after sth. 追求某目的(这里 follow 作“跟随或追随”讲)
keep after sb 盯住不放某人,一再提醒某人(由“一直保持跟在某人后面,一再向某人说某事”引申过来)
hunger (或 thirst) after (或 for) sth. 渴望得到某物(由“如饥似渴地追求某物”引申过来)
hunt (或 nose) after (或 for)…搜寻或探索…(譬喻“为打猎搜找或用鼻嗅闻的方法去搜找…”之意)
pant (或 pine) after (或 for)…渴望(知识即 knowledge)[形象化譬喻为“喘着气仍追求知识或为了追求知识,身体消瘦都不在乎”]
feel after (或 for)…用手摸索(开关即 the switch 等)
search (或 seek) after (或 for)…寻找或探索(真理即 the truth 等)[以上五例中 after 都可用 for 替代,只是说的角度不同而已,而基本意思相同。]
ask (或 inquire, enquire) after you(他)向你问候[指“向有关人员问起你的健康工作等情况”]
take after sb. 长得像某人,学某人的榜样[这里 after 有“仿效”、“模仿”、“仿照”含义。可联系 make sth. after a new pattern 模仿新的样式制作某物]
Read after me. 跟着(或模仿)我念。(本句原义不完全是“在我后面读”。)
one after another一个接着一个(地),day after day一天又一天地,after all 毕竟等……
Against 用法及注意事项
一、against 作“反对”、“违反”讲
The slaves rose against their masters. 奴隶们起来反对他们的主人。
This explanation is against the natural laws. 这种解释是违反自然规律的。
Our workshop has a regulation against smoking. 我们车间有一条禁烟规定。
He will speak againnst anything he knows to be wrong. 他将发言反对凡是他认为是错误的一切东西。
二、against 作“靠着”、“位置相对着”、“逆着”、“对着”、“顶着”、“衬着”讲
The picture hangs against the wall. 这张画挂在墙上。(原义是:“……靠着墙挂着。”)
Their house is over against the laboratory. 他们的房子正在实验室对面。
Now our car is running against the wind. 现在我们的汽车正逆风行驶。
A force is needed to move an object against inertia. 为使物体克服惯性而运动,就需要一个力。
That ship will not strike against a rock by using some new-type instruments. 那条船使用新式仪表将不会触礁。
I saw the grey summit of the mountain against a wonderful background of blue sky. 我看见灰色的顶峰后面衬着蔚蓝色天空的绝妙背景。
三、as against 和 against表示“对照“、“对比”关系
As against last year, our grain output has increased by more than 6 per cent. 与去年相比,我们的粮食生产增加了百分之六以上。
The factory has produced 95,000 tons of sugar this year,as against the 59,300 tons of last year. 这个厂今年已生产了 95,000 吨糖,而去年只生产 59,300 吨。(意译)
She was elected chairman by a majority of 50 votes against 10. 她以五十对十票的多数被选为主席。(chairman为主语补语。)
四、against作“以防”、“以备”讲
She is saving money against old age. 她存钱防老。
We must guard against disease. 我们必须预防疾病。
They store up coal against the winter. 他们贮藏煤以备冬用。
We should save fuel against the day of battle. 我们应该节省燃料以备战时之用。
These watches are guaranteed against water damage. 这些表是防水的。(由“…被保证防止浸水损坏”引申过来。)
五、理解带有 against 的固定短语可从下列三个方面着手:
Ⅰ. against 表示“反对”、“反抗”、“违反”之意。
例如:advise against sb’s doing… 劝某人不做…;argue against sth. 争辩反对某事……;struggle(或 fight,combat)against… 与(敌人)斗争(或战斗,搏斗);come against sb. 进攻某人(由“前来反对某人”引申过来);declare against… 宣布或声明反对(那种错误的观点等);dispute against sb. 和某人辩论;discriminate against sb. 歧视某人(由“以区别对待反对某人”引申过来);go(或run)against …违背(某人的观点等);inform against sb. 告发某人;protest against…抗议反对(物价上涨即 the price rise);cry against…大声抗议或抱怨(削减工资即 the pay cut);turn against… 转为反对(某人,某事)等。
II. 从表示位置关系来理解并记忆下列带有 against 的固定短语。
例如:stand (或 sit) against… 靠(墙即 the wall)站或坐;dash against… 猛撞(大门等);patter against the windows(雨)嗒嗒地打在窗户上;strike… against… 把(自行车)撞在(墙)上;strike against…(他)撞在(门即the door)上;do work against friction 克服摩擦而作功(直译为:顶住摩擦而作功)等。
III. 从against(反对)及其反义词for(支持、赞成)来加深理解这两个系列的相应短语。
例如:be against (或 for) the suggestion 反对(或赞成)这个建议;stand against (或 for)… 主张反对(或支持)(某事或某人);speak against (或 for) sb. 发言反对某人(或为某人辩护);vote against(或for)sb. 投票反对(或赞成)某人;struggle against (或 for)…和…作斗争(或为…而斗争);strike against(或 for)…为反对(或为获得)……而罢上等。
Ahead 的用法特点
一、副词 ahead 基本词义是“在前 面”和“向前”。应注意它的引申含义
His eyes stared straight ahead. 他的眼睛(那时)直盯住前方。
He went on watching the road ahead. 他继续注视着前面的那条路。(后置定语)
Looking ahead he decided to stick to his present job. 由于他看得远,就决定坚持干当前的工作。(Look ahead 是“向前看”,现引申为“看得远”。)
Oil pollution control inched ahead in 1998. 1998 年石油污染控制进展较慢。(句中 inch ahead 本义为“一寸一寸地前进”,现引申为“进展缓慢”. )
Ahead there is much work to be done. 当前有许多工作要做。(将 ahead 作“在前面”讲引申为“当前”、“眼前”。)
a. They went ahead to clear the road of obstructions. 他们先走了一步以清除路上的障碍。(直译)
b. Laser technology has gone ahead rapidly. 激光技术已迅速取得进展。(转译)
This country began to push(或 press)ahead(或 toward)with its new policy. 这个国家开始推行新政策。(根据字面意思不难看出,push ahead 是“自己出力往前推”,press ahead 是“在有压力情况下挤向前”,而 with… 是活搭配,作“带着…”讲。最后译“推行…”是很恰当的,符合英语本义。)
二、立足于 ahead 的本义,正确理解有 ahead 的固定短语,ahead of…作“位置在……前面”、“时间比……早”讲
There were three women ahead of him in the queue (或 line). (当时)有三位妇女排在他前面。
She left two days ahead of me. 她比我先走两天。
She finished her experiment ahead of the others. 她结束实验比别人早。
The bus came ahead of time (或 ahead of schedule). 公共汽车提前到来。
He is two classes ahead of me. 他比我高两班。
a. They shot ahead of you in English. 他们在英语方面很快地超过了你。
b. He shot ahead towards the end of the race. 赛跑近终点时他飞快冲到前面。(不及物动词 shoot 作“如箭或子弹一般地飞驰”讲,加上 ahead 本意就作“飞快向前冲”。为此,必须扩大 shoot 词义,不能局限于“发射”、“射出”,而应能联想到“如同箭或子弹那样快地飞驰”。又如:The rabit shot off. 兔子飞快地跑了。)
We must look ahead. 我们必须向前看(或考虑未来)。
It’s important for us to keep (或 remain, stay) ahead. 重要的是让我们继续保持领先。
The soldiers are moving ahead. 战士们正走在前面。
All 的主要用法
一、形容词 all 作“所有的”、“一切”、“全”讲
Of all the multimedia computers this one works best. 在所有这些多媒体计算机申,这台操作最好。
All the senior engineers want to develop the information technology data high speed. 所有这些高级工程师都想高速度发展信息技术。
All matter is composed of atoms. 一切物质由原子构成。
He has taught English all his life. 他教了一辈子英语啦! 注:有 all 作前置定语时,如果使用冠词 the 或物主代词,则它们的位置应在 all 的后面。
二、all 作名词或代词用,作“全部”、“全体”、“一切”讲
All of us are waiting to get online. 我们全体都等着上网。(作代词)。
You have to note down all that is important. 你得把重要的都记下来。(作名词。本句还可用 what 代替 all that 引出的从句)。
The workers did all (that) they could to increase the production of steel. 工人们尽了他们最大努力来提高钢产量。(作名词。直译为:工人们为了增加钢产量而做了他们能做的一切。也可用 what 代替 all that。)
三、注意 all 作主语的同位语时在句中的词序
We are all here. 我们全在这儿。
They are all network engineers. 他们都是网络 工程师。
They all made a quantity of high temperature tests yesterday. 他们昨天都做了一些高温试验。
Here the symbols all have the same meanings as before. 这里符号的意义完全和以前相同。(意译)
We have all finished our work. 我们都做完了自己的工作。
Radiant,, electrical, and chemical energies can, as we shall see, all be turned into heat. 我们将看到,辐射能、电能和化学能都能转变为热。
四、all 作副词用,在句中作状语,表示“全”、“尽”之意
His feet are all wet. 他的双脚全湿了。
I think I am all wrong. 我想我全错了。
五、“all(或 every)+否定式谓语+…”构成部分否定
All answers are not right. 并非所有答案全对。(= Not all answers are right. 或:Not every answer is right. 并非每个答案都对。)
All glass is not transparent. 并非所有的玻璃都是透明的。(= Not all glass is, transparent.)
I do not know all (或 everyone) of them. 我并不是认识他们中的每个人。
注:在“all…+肯定式谓语+含有否定意义的单词……”的结构中,all 仍被全部否定。这时它的否定意义不是通过谓语,而是通过句子其它成份中含有否定意义的单词表达出来的。例如:
1)All atoms are invisible to the naked eye. 一切原子都是肉眼看不见的。 2)We all dislike going to the teahouse. 我们都不喜欢去茶馆。 3)All her ideas came to nothing. 她的一切想法都没有实现。
六、带有 all 的常用词组用法举例
He does not understand at all. 他完全不明白。
This is of no value at all. 这毫无价值。
Are you going to do it at all? 你究竟做不做这件事呢?
If you do it at all, do it well. 如果你要做这件事,就得好好做。
注:不难看出,at all 只用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中,以加强语气。
After all, he may be right. 归根结底,他还可能是对的。
After all the device is not so heavy as you thought. 这个装置毕竟不像你当初想的那么重。
We believe that he can complete the task all alone. 我们相信他能单独完成任务的。
The information world is changing all the time. 信息世界一直在变化。
Yesterday they discussed the project all together. 昨天他们一起讨论了这个项目.
He jumped into the river all of a sudden。他突然跃入河中。
All in all, it was a success. 总的说来,这是成功的。
English is by no means an easy language, but all the same I like to learn it. 英语并非是一门容易学的语言,但我照样喜欢学英语。
These books numbered ten all told(或 in all). 这些书总共十本。
Opening the windows sometimes makes it all the hotter. 有时打开窗户反而越来越热。(注意与比较级连用。)
Alone 的用法和注意点
一、形容词 alone 作“单独的”讲,一般用作表语或宾语补语
He is not very much alone. 他不是十分孤单的。(不能单用 very 修饰。)
Leave him alone. 别理他(或别惹他)。(宾语补语)
Let the portable computer alone. 别动那台提携式计算机。(宾语补语)
二、alone 用于名词或代词后作“只有”“惟有”讲
Of us all Jenny alone fore saw the danger. 在我们全体中间,只有詹妮预见到那种危险。
a. He alone went. (当时)只有他去了。(言外之意,别人都没有去。)
b. She went alone, but the others went in groups. 她独自去了,而其他人分组去的。(句中 alone 前无名词,不作“只有”讲。)
Man alone can speak. 只有人类会说话。
注:alone 不能位于名词前作前置定语。例如,不能说 They lived on alone meat,而只能说 They lived on meat alone. 他们只靠吃肉度生。
三、副词alone作“独自地”、“单独地”讲
a. We can do this work alone. 我们能独自做这项工作。
b. 试比较:She alone can do this work. 只有她能做这项工作。
You can’t lift this desktop PC alone. 你一人抬不起这个台式个人电脑。
四、注意 alone 和 only 用法异同
It is impossible to complete this task by individual effort alone(或 only). 单靠(或只靠)个人努力是不可能完成这项任务的。(意思相同。)
a. They sell cotton clothing alone. 他们独自出售布衣服。(含有“他们独家销售布衣服”之意。)
b. They sell cotton clothing only. 他们只出售布衣服。(含有“专卖布衣服而不出售绸缎、毛呢”之意。)
由此可见,必须根据上下文来区别 alone 和 only 用法的异同。
五、注意带 alone 的几个常用词组用法
a. Let the panda alone. 别惹这只大熊猫。(由“让这只大熊猫独自呆着”引申过来。)
b. Let her alone do it. 只让她做这件事。(alone 修饰前面的代词宾格 her。)
a. He knows a lot of French, let alone English. 他精通法语,至于英语更不在话下。
b. He won’t even thank you, let alone pay you. 他连谢都不谢,更不用说付你钱了。
The hospital stands at the foot of a hill all alone. 那个医院孤零零地座落在山脚下。
Along 的用法以及对其常用短语的理解
一、介词 along 作“沿着”讲
Many trees were planted along the river-bank. 沿着河岸种植了许多树。
There are trees all along the road. 沿着这条路从头到尾都有树。
We must think along certain regulations. 我们必须依照某些规定来思考。
注:汉语中的“沿着这个方向”或“沿着这条途径”不能用 along…,而要分别表示为 in this direction 或 in this way。这里 in 作“按照”讲。
二、副词 along 作“向前 ”讲,常与有关动词或介词 with 连用,构成一些常用词组
Let’s go along to the classroom and attend his lecture on Computer Time. 让我们前去教室听他的“计算机时代”专题讲座。
A new Ferrari came along from behind me. 一辆新的法拉利(跑车)从我背后开过来.
注:副词 along 和运动动词连用,基本意思是“向前”,但由于说话人所站位置不同,come along 应理解为“走过来”,而 go along 应理解为“走过去”。当然上述这个“走”字还可由于主语不同而译成其它相应的动词。
We’ll be along about eight. 我们八点左右过来(或过去)。
I want to bring my daughter along to see you. 我想把女儿带来看望你。
The children were brought along well inschool. 孩子们在学校受到良好教育。(由孩子们在校内被好好地带领或引导向前“引申过来。如果是 The fine weather will bring the crops along very nicely. 则应理解为好的天气大大促进农作物的生长”。但这里 bring … along nicely“把…往前带”的原意仍为“好好地把……带领向前”。为此必须深刻理解“把……往前带的”原意,才能真正体会到英汉词典上的注释“教育或帮助(某人)发展”、“促进(农作物)生长”等含义的由来。
The bus conductor often says "Pass along the car please" or "Move along please". 公共汽车售票员常说“请往车里走”或“请往前走”。(句中第一个 along 为介词,而第二个为副词。仍应按原文本意去理解译文。)
How are you getting along? 你(生活过得)好吗?
How is she getting (或 going) along with her work? 她工作进展如何?(相当于:How is her work getting (或 going) along?)
He gets along very well with us. 他和我们相处很好。
She will send it back along with some other things. 她将此物与其它东西一并送回。(句中 along with… 系单独使用,作“与…一起”,可用 together with…来互换。)
The mechanization of agriculture will raise the output, and, along with it, the living standard of the peasants. 农业机械化将提高产量,同时也将提高农民的生活水平。(句中 along with 本意不变,但译为“同时也”。应该说,这是根据原文本意并结合汉语表达方法作出的正确翻译。)
I knew that all along. (那时)对那件事我一直(或始终)真知道。
注:“动词 + 副词 along”的其它常用短语还有:carry… along 携带(一个大包裹即 a big parcel),(洪水即 the flood)挟带(树木即 trees),help sb. along(或 on, toward)帮助某人前进或进步,move along 往前走,(或走开,别停留),take …along 带走(某人或某物)等。
And 用法中几个值得注意的问题
一、and 连接两个动词,有时后面动词的行为是前面动词的行为对象或目的,译成汉语时可以连着翻译。但有时and前面的部分用来表示条件
Try and do it again. 再做做看。(行为对象)
Please send and fetch the mini-camera. 请派人把小型照相机拿来。(行为目的)
Let us go and try it again. 让我们再去试试。(行为目的)
Try again and you will succeed. 再试一次,你就会成功。(条件)
注:上述用法中第一个动词多半是表示如下的动词:come, go, try, stop, stay, wait, run, hurry up 等。
二、and 所连接的并列关系及判别
It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society. 生于社会,不能超乎(或脱离)社会。(and 连接两个不定式。)
Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in the hometown. 在故乡,新人新事比比皆是。(and 连接两个名词 men 和 objects。)
This crude oil is a complex mixture of gaseous and liquid saturated and unsaturated molecules. 这种原油系气态、液态饱和分子和气态、液态非饱和分子所构成的混合物。
Rubber gets warmer when stretched and cools when relaxed. 橡皮(被)拉伸时发热,而放松时变凉。(and 连接两个谓语 gets 和 cools。)
I prefer seeing a story as a TV film to reading it in a book, because I can actually see the characters and how they are dressed and watch their expressions. 我宁愿看电视片故事,而不愿看一本书内的故事,因为这样我能实际地看到各种人物及其穿著打扮,还能注视他们的表情。(第一个 and 连接一个宾语 characters 和一个宾语从句 how…,而第二个and连接动词 see 和 watch。)
注意“and that”在下列两句中是一种加强语气的省略说法,一般可译为“而且”。例如:
You must tell her, and that at once. 你必须告诉她,而且马上告诉她。(that 代表 tell her。)
He will come, and that soon. 他要来,而且很快就来。(that 代替 will come。)
下面这两句,光凭语法分析就判断不了 and 究竟连接了哪两个部分,而必须从逻辑意义上来加以判别:
He said he would come and he did come. 他说他会来的,而他果然来了。(and 连接 He said 和 he did come,不连接 he would come 和 he did come。)
He told her what had happened and left. 他告诉她发生了什么事,然后就走了。(and 连接 told 和 left,而不是连接 happened 和 left 的。)
但还必须注意用 and 把词组和从句连接在一起的情况:
Physics is the study of heat, sound, magnetism, electricity, light, the properties of matter and what it is composed of. 物理学研究热、声、磁、电、光、物质性质以及用以构成物质的东西。( what 从句和 heat 等构成并列。这里可把“东西”引申译为“粒子。”)
The warmer the air, the faster its molecules move and therefore the faster the dust particles in it move. 空气越热,则分子运动就越快,因而空气内尘粒运动也就越快。(第一部分为比较状语从句,后面 and 连接两个并列的主句。)
The moon is a world that is completely still and where utter silence prevail. 月球是一个全然寂静的世界,是一个万籁无声的世界。(and 连接两个定语从句。)
How I wish, John knew how to apply grammatical rules properly and recognized the fact that he is nearly always in the wrong. 我恨不得约翰能知道如何恰当地使用语法规则并且认识到他几乎一直是错的事实。(knew 和 recognized 是并列的虚拟语气。)
有时,句中出现几个 and,必须分析清楚每个 and 所表示的并列关系。例如:Small industrial enterprises producing iron and steel, chemicalfertilizer, coal, machinary, cement, chemical fibres and paper and small hydroelectric power statlons are all over the country. 生产钢铁、化肥、煤、机械、水泥、化学、纤维和纸张的小型地方企业以及小型水力发电站遍及全国各地。(句中从 iron 到 paper,都是 producing 后的宾语。iron 和 steel 中间用 and,是因为“钢铁”是 一固定词组。最后一个 and 才是连接句首的 enterprises 和句子末尾的 stations的。)
注:美国英语用“nice 或 good + and + 形容词”作“very + 形容词”讲。
Your room is nice and warm. 你的房间很暖和。
This melon is good and ripe. 这只西瓜熟透了。
三、用 and 来重叠词的用法
I. 用 and 重叠比较级来表示“越来越……”之意:
In spring the day is getting longer and longer and the night (is getting) shorter and shorter. 春季白天越来越长,夜晚越来越短。
The snow came down faster and faster and lay on the earth thicker and thicker.(当时)雪越下越大,地上的雪越积越厚。
Electronic computers are becoming more and more useful in scientific research work. 电子计算机在科研工作中越来越有用. (只重复 more,而后面原级形容词不重复。)
II. 用 and 重叠词来表示强调和延续之意:
They have checked the conclusion again and again. 他们已经一而再、再而三地检查了这个结论。
What we want, first and foremost, is to learn, to learn and to learn. 我们首先需要的是学习、学习、再学习。
We should read this book through and through(或 over and over). 我们应该反复地通读这本书。 必须指出,动词短语有时没有全部重复,而只重复其中一部分。例如:
The electrons move around and around the nucleus. 电子围着原子核转个不停。
A body in motion will go on and (go) on in motion,unless acted upon by an outside force. 运动的物体,如果不受外力作用,将继续运动下去。
We waited and waited for a long time, but we still didn’t see him come here. 我们等了又等好长时间,但仍未见他来到这里。
四、注意 and 可使句子成分大为省略
The best conductor has the least resistance, and the poorest (conductor has) the greatest (resistance). 最好的导体电阻最小,而最差的导体电阻最大。
All bodies consist of molecules and these (molecules consist) of atoms. 一切物体都由分子组成,而分子由原子组成。
In other words, an atom of chlorine will combine with one hydrogen atom, an atom of oxygen with two, an atom of nitrogen with three, and an atom of carbon with four. 换句话说,一个氯原子会与一个氢原于化合,一个氧原子会与两个氢原子化合,一个氮原子会与三个氢原子化合,而一个碳原子会与四个氢原子化合。
五、注意 and 前的省略情况,一般以“名词 + and…”结构出现
Another hour, and all the doors will be locked. 再过一小时,所有门都要上锁。(Another hour, and… = When another hour has passed…)
One more effort, and we shall succeed. 再努力一下,我们就会成功。(One more effort, and… = If we make one more effort…. )
Two minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train. 如果早来两分钟,我们就能搭上末班火车了。
六、注意 and 用于加法和一百以上的数字中
One and two are(或 make)three. 一加二等于三。
one hundred and twelve pagers. 一百一十二个寻呼机
七、and 用于罗列举例之末,表示“…等”之意时短语汇总
例如:and so on, and so forth, and others, and the like, and what not 以及 “, etc. ”(但前面不能用 and )等。
Any 和 Some 的用法及其差异
一、any 作“任何的”讲,一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中
He did not put any questions to me. 他未曾向我提任何问题。
Have you any ink? 你有墨水吗?
If you have any trouble, please come here. 如果你有什么困难,请到这里来吧。 注:any 可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
There is not any oil in the bottle. 瓶子里没有油了。
注:在否定句里一般不用 any 修饰主语。但上句是“there be”结构,其否定句仍可用 any 修饰。一般说来,用 no 否定主语即可。
二、some 作“一些、若干部分、若干、某些或某个”讲,大多用于肯定句
We have to learn some English. 我们得学点英语。
There must be some water in the container. 该容器内准有点水。
We shall answer for some flight tests. 我们将对某些试飞负责。
Some of the beepers answer to the description given. (其中)有些寻呼机与所给的说明相符。
Some day(或 One day,some day or other)he will be able to answer all the questions. 他总有一天将能回答全部这些问题。
判别:some 后接不可数名词,表示“若干部分”之意,(见第 1,2 句);接复数名词 作“某些”讲(见第 3、4 句);接可数名词单数则作“某个”讲(见第 5 句)。
三、any 若用于肯定句,则作“无论什么的”或“任何一个、一些”讲
Any of you can come in at any time. 无论什么时候你们中间任何人都可进来。
It seems to be the last chance any of them has(或 have). 这对他们中间任何人来说,似乎是最后一次机会。(意译)
四、some 一般不用于疑问句中,但可用于表示请求、建议、反问等的疑问句中,并且这时还不能用 any 代替。如果用 any 代之,就没有请求、建议、反问等含义
Can I have some sugar? 我能要一些糖吗?(表示一种请求,问话时含有“我大概可以要一些糖”的意思。若用 any 代替 some,就无此层意思。)
Will you lend me some English books? 你肯借给我几本英语书吧?(表示一种建议,含有“你大概肯借给我几本英语书”的意思。若用 any 代替 some,就无此层意思。)
Why didn’t you visit some software companies?为什么(当时)你不去参观几家软件公司呢?(表示一种反问。若用 any 代替 some,就无这种反问的意味。)
Didn’t you see some of your students yesterday? 难道你昨天没有看见几个你的学生?(表示反问。)
Has he not some Japanese books? 他怎会没有几本日语书呢?(表示一种反问,实际上含有“他大概有几本日语书”的意思。若用 any 代替 some,就无此层意思。)
Would you like some tea? 你愿喝点茶吗?(表示建议。)
五、否定句中用 any 表示全部否定。在否定句中一般不用 some,若遇到用 some,则为部分否定
He does not understand any of these words. 这些词他都不理解。(全部否定)
They do not know some of us. 我们中间有几个人他们并不认识。(部分否定指的是:他们并非不认识我们全体,只是不认识我们中间几个人而已。)
主要推论:上述五大项用法不限于 some,any 两词,还可推广到类似的同根词(something, anything, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone 等)的用法中去。
六、some 接数字,作“大约”讲 (联系第150节Ⅷ)
The mobile phones are some sixty in all. 移动电话总共约六十个。
There are some four or five answers to this question. 这个问题约有四、五个答案。
七、注意 somemore(或其它比较级)和 anymore(或其它比较级)及表示“再增加点…”之意。前者用于肯定句,后者用于否定句
Pour some more water into the container. 再倒点水于容器中。
Give us some more examples to explain the problem. 再举几个例子解释这个问题。
We want some more. 我们再要一些(或一点)。
We will not do it any more. 我们将不再做那件事了。
Don’t talk any more. 不要再说话了。
注:这里的 more 应理解为“再”。试联系 once more 再一次,50 more 再五十。显然,这里 more 前的数字或不定数是在原有基础上增加的数值。
八、注意 some time,sometime 和 sometimes 用法各异
Some time I saw him watching the network TV. 有一次我看见他在看网络电视。
I want to stay in the meeting place for some time. 我想在会场呆一会儿。
He visited you sometime last year. 他在去年某一时间访问了你。
The baby sometimes smiles, sometimes cries. 这婴儿有时微笑,有时哭叫。
九、hardly(或 scarcely), never, not 和 without 常和 any 或不定冠词连用的情况
He has never looked after his son. 他从来没有照顾他的儿子。
She completed the contract without any trouble. 她毫不困难地履行了合同。
There is hardly gasoline in the tank. 油箱内几乎没有汽油了。
He knows scarcely any (或 a) word of English. 他几乎不懂英语。
注:hardly 或 scarcely 后接可数名词单数时,其间必须用 a 或 any。
十、some 和 any 的用法差别一般还可推广到 something, anything, somebody(或 someone), anybody(或 anyone), somewhere, anywhere
Clearly, something was up yesterday. 显然,昨天出事了。
We saw someone(或 somebody)go out of your office. 我们见到有人从你的办公室里出来。(否定句则为:We didn't see anybody(或 anyone)go out of your office.)
Is she going anywhere this morning? 今天上午她打算去什么地方吗?
They hope to go somewhere where there is hardly any air pollutlon. 他们希望去几乎没有什么空气污染的地方。
Apart 及 Apart From 的用法
一、副词 apart 作“分离”、“分开”、“相隔”讲
The two chain shops are 2 kilometers apart. 这两个连锁店相隔2公里。
Galileo placed two men about a mile apart. 伽里略安置两人相距约一英里。
二、副词 apart 在常用词组内一般作“分开”或“把 … 放在一边”讲
come apart(某物等)破碎或散架;fall apart(房屋等)倒塌,(公司等)破产,(军队、旧制度等)崩溃;keep … apart 使 … 保持分开或泾谓分明;live apart 分居,生活单过;pull … apart 把(玩具等)拆开,把(报纸)撕碎,把(冰等)打破,把(这本书)批评得一无是处,把(房间等)弄乱;put … apart for … 单放(这笔款子、某物等)供 … 用;set … apart for … 单放(衣服、钱款等)供(或备)… 用;take … apart 拆卸(机器等);彻底打败(敌人),严厉批评(某人);tear … apart 撕开(纸等),翻乱(房间等),使(某人)心烦意乱;tell … and … apart 辨别(是非即 right and wrong)等。
三、注意 apart from… 和有关动词搭配表示“与 … 分离或隔开”含义时
stand apart from … (这女孩)离(其他孩子)而站立,(图书馆)和(邮局)不在一起,(他)脱离(群众即 the masses)
a. keep … apart from … (他)不让(他的妻子)参予(他的工作),(我)把(工作)和(娱乐即 pleasure)分得一清二楚
b. keep apart from … (她)不参加(任何会议),(他)脱离(群体即 the group)
live apart from … (他)和(家里人即 his family)分开住
四、apart from 和 besides, except, but 等用法比较。
apart from 作“除 … 以外”讲,其用法基本上与 besides 相同。在肯定句中 apart from… 表示“包括在内的”意思;在否定句中,它的用法与 except 相同,表示“例外”的含义,因此仍可用 besides 来替换。例如:
We have one hour to rest after lunch apart from our ordinary work. 除了日常工作,我们午饭后休息一小时。(肯定句中 apart from 可用 besides,in addition to 或〈美〉aside from 代替。)
Apart from a pager the manager gave me many compact discs. 除了寻呼机,经理还给了我许多光盘。(同上)
I didn't buy anything apart form a portable phone. 除了手机(或移动电话)以外,我什么都没有买。(在否定句中可用 besides,except 或 but 代替 apart from。)
There is nothing apart from a digital hi-definition colour TV set on the desk. 桌子上只有一台数字高清晰度彩电。(意译。替换词与第 3 句相同。)
As 的主要用法和判别
英语里的 as 是一个比较常见、用法繁多的词。它和其它词的搭配关系也很广泛。现归纳为以下几种作用。至于它的特殊用法, 即在各种固定词组里的用法, 我们打算在下一个专题讨论(见本节后面 As 在各种句型和固定词组里的用法)。
一、as 用作关系代词, 引出定语从句
I. such … as 像 … 这(那)样的, 像 … 之类的。as 和 such 连用, such 在下列句子里作定语用, 说明主句里的某个名词。as 所引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词, 而 as 本身在从句里, 可能是主语、宾语或表语。
We Will give you such data as will help you in your work. 我们要提供给你们那种对你们工作有帮助的资料。(as 作从句里的主语。)
He is not such a man as would leave his work half done. 他并不是一个做事半途而废的那种人。(as 作从句里的主语, half done 作宾语补语。)
I hope to get such a tool as he repaired this instrument with. 我希望能够得到一个像他用来修理这个仪器的那类工具。(as 作 with 的宾语, 这个介词短语作状语。)
II. the same … as 和 … 同样的
This is the same tool as I used yesterday. 这和我昨天所使用的工具是相同的。(as 作从句的宾语)
I should like to use the same instrument as is used in your workshop. 我想用你们车间里所用的同样的仪器。(as 作从句的主语。)
He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。(as 作从句的表语。)
Molecular weights are expressed in the same units as atomic weights. 分子量以原子量所用的相同单位表示之。(as 作关系副词, 定语从句内省略了与主句相同的谓语 are expressed。)
If one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another nearby, the two objects will repel each other. 如果一个物体带有与它邻近的物体上所出现的同种类的电荷, 这两个物体会相互排斥。(as 作从句的主语。)
This is the same instrument as we stand in need of. 这正是我们迫切需要的那种仪表。(as 作介词 of 的宾语。)
The Chinese people are not the same as they were before. 中国人民跟以前不同了。
Radio waves travel at the same speed as light in empty space or in air. 在空洞洞的宇宙和空气申, 无 线电波的传播速度和光速相同。
They do the same job as we do. 他们干的是和我们相同的工作。
Heat radiation is of the same nature as light, X-rays and radio waves. 热辐射就其性质而言, 是和光、X光及无线电波相同的。
注:注意“… same as”有时发展到接近于 just as 引出方式状语从句的用法。例如:
She has put her energy into literature — same as you have put yours into computers. 正如你把全部精力投入计算机那样, 她也把全部精力投入到文学了。
III. as many … as, as much … as(分别用于可数和不可数名词)如 … 一般多;如此之多;凡 … 的 … 都
As many instruments as are in the laboratory have been made most use of. 实验室里那么多的仪器都已充分利用了。(as 作从句的主语)
There are as many books as are needed. 凡是需要的书都有了。(as 作从句的主语)
He has as many books on information technology as I have. 他拥有的信息技术书和我拥有的同样多。(as 在从句中作宾语)
Here is a jar of distilled water. You may use as much as you need. 这里有一大瓶蒸馏水, 你需要多少就可以用多少。(as 在从句中作宾语)
These generators supply only half as much energy as required. 这些发电机只供应所需能量的一半。(第二个 as 在从句中作主语, 其后省略了 is。)
下句中可把 as(指第二个 as)理解为引出相比较的具体内容:
He is a man to whom work means as much as life. 他是一个把工作看作和生命一样重要的人。(to whom… 也为定语从句。)
As much as half a foot of snow has fallen in Tianjin. 天津已下了半英尺厚的雪。
At this weather analysis center, as many as 35 different charts were constructed for a given time. 当时在这个气象分析中心要为同一个规定的时间绘制多达 35 种不同的图表。
Ⅳ. 关系代词 as 代替整个主句, 并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语之用。as 引出的从句为非限制性定语从句。
As (is) announced in today's papers, they have succeeded in solving many problems in accordance with the new theory. 据今天报纸发表, 他们已根据新的理论成功地解决了许多问题。(as 在从句中作主语。)
As is often the case, we have overfulfilled the production plan. 像往常情况一样, 我们又超额完成了生产计划。(as 在从句中作主语。)
As we know, materials expand and contract with the increase and decrease of temperature. 我们都知道, 材料随温度升降而胀缩。(as 在从句中作宾语。)
This machine, as might be expected, has stopped operating. 正如所料, 这台机器已停止运转。 (as 在从句中作主语。)
She rises early and takes a walk every morning, as is usual with her. 她每天早晨早起散步, 这对她已习以为常了。(同上, 但 as 表示整个主句意思。)
As is very natural, man can't live without air and water. 人没有空气和水就不能生存, 这是当然之事。(全部同上。)
The size of the audience, as we had expected, was well over one thousand. 听众人数, 正不出我们预料, 大大超过一千人。(as 代表主句意思, 在从句中作宾语。)
If he comes late, as is usual, for another time, we’ll not receive him. 如果他再次像往常那样迟到, 我们就不予以接待。(as 表示条件从句内的 he comes late。)
Are these two totally different things, having no interconnection, as is often implied?这些是否是通常所指的没有内在联系的两个完全不同的东西?(as 在从句中作主语。现在分词短语 having no interconnection 作非限制性定语, 说明前面的 things。)
代替整个主句的关系代词 as, 常见于下列从句:
as has been said before 如上所述
as may be imagined 如可想像出 来的那样
as is well known 众所周知
as we all can see 正如我们大家都能看到的那样
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as will be shown in Fig. 5 将如图 5 所示
as has been explained in the preceding paragraph 如在上段里已解释了的那样
as has been already pointed out 正如已指出的那样
注:上述句子按语法分析为非限制性定语从句, 但翻译时一般可译为“如…”、“像…”、“正如…”等.
Ⅴ. as 有时代替主句里的表语意思, 并在从句中作表语
Internet access is very simple, as indeed it is. 网上访问很简单, 它实际上的确是这样. (as 代替 simple。)
Gasoline is combustible, as are all of the liquids listed in the following section. 汽油是易燃的, 下一节里所列举的那些液体也都是易燃。(as 代替 combustible。)
He is a brave man, as are all other members of his family. 像他家庭其他成员一样, 他也很勇敢。
An atom is not a solid spherical particle, as it was once thought to be. 原子并不像人们曾经认为的那样是刚性球粒。(as 代替 a solid spherical particle, 在从句中作 to be 后的表语, 并和 to be 一起作主语补语。)
Dr. Ouyang is a large-hearted man, as the large-minded men are apt to be. 欧阳博士是个慷慨的人, 而心胸开阔的人往往都是这样。
She thinks my answer incorrect, as it probably is. 她认为我的答案不对, 也许我的答案就是不对。(as 相当于 incorrect。)
Now many young people wish to be scientists, as it is quite possible for them to be on condition that they work hard. 目前许多青年都想当科学家。只要他们刻苦努力, 这大有可能如愿以偿的。
二、as 作关系副词, 引出定语从句
He answered with the same simplicity as he asked. 他回答和提问, 都是同样的直率简洁。
We repaired the air conditioner (in) the same way as he did. 我们采取和他同样的方法去修理那台空调器。
We go the same way as they do. 我们和他们走同样一条路。
A magnetic field maybe represented in the same manner as an electric field. 磁场可采用和电场同样的办法表示出来。(定语从句内谓语省略。)
以上例句里的 with the same simplicity, the same way, in the same manner 等词组在主句里都是状语, 而 as 所代替的也就是这些词组, 所以 as 是关系副词。
三、such as, as such 和 as that 的用法
I. “名词, + such as…”这里 such as 是复合连接词, 引出同位语, 以对前面的名词起列举作用。可译为“例如”。
There are different forms of energy, such as heat energy, sound energy, electric energy, and chemical energy. 有各种不同的能, 例如热能、声能、电能和化学能。
Soft materials, such as cloth, do not carry sounds so well as wood, iron and other solids. 像布那样柔软的材料, 不如木材、铁和其它固体东西传导声音那样好。
II. “… such as”这里 such 是代词, 作“这样的人、事、物”讲, as 是关系代词, 引出定语从句。
This book is not such as I expect. 这不是一本像我所希望的书。(such 是代词作表语用, 是 as 的先行词。) 比较:This is not such a book as I expect. (句义同上, 但 such 作定语用。)
I will explain this phenomenon to such as would like to know it. 我要对那些愿意了解这种现象的人解释。(such 是代词, 作“这样的人”讲。)
上句中 to such 表示“给这样的人”,作状语,但表示间接宾语的含义,而 as 引出的定语从句说明 such, as 是从句主语。
The new type of space shuttle was made last week, such as none of us had seen before. 这种新型的航天飞机上周制成, 像这样的飞机过去我们中间谁也没有见过。
III. as such 作“像这样的人、事、物”、“作为这样 的人、事、物”、“以 … 资格、名义、身份“、“因而”讲。
We agree to the plan as such. 我们同意像这样的计划。
He is an old worker, and is respected as such. 他是一位老工人, 因而受到尊敬。(或译为:受到老工人应该受到的尊敬。)
四、用连词 as 等引出状语从句
Ⅰ. 时间状语从句连词 as 正当…的时候, 随着…
He came up as I was speaking. 我正在说话的时候,他来了。
As the piston moves down, the pressure in the cylinder decreases. 当活塞下移时, 汽缸里的压力减小。
We cannot see sound waves as they travel through air. 声波在空气申传播时, 我们是看不见的。
As a little girl she began to operate a computer. 她还是个小女孩时就开始操作计算机。( as 后省略了 she was。)
The volume varies as the temperature rises. 体积随温度升高而变。
注 1:由 as long as 或 as long as 引出的时间状语从句可参阅第 015 节 24~34, 而由 as soon as 引出的时间状语从句可参阅第 015 节 34~49。
注 2:还可用 as and when 表示“当…时”, 主要用来指一件不肯定的将来的事或一个行动。例如:They will decide on their team as and when they qualify for the competition. 当他们有资格参加比赛时将决定其球队的组成。
II. 原因状语从句连词 as 或 in as much as 由于, 因为
As this problem is of great interest, we will discuss it once again. 因为这个问题很有意义, 所以我们再讨论一次。
As they had forgotten your address, they did not know how to get in touch with you. 由于忘记了你的地址, 他们(当时)不知如何跟你取得联系.
In as much as it is raining hard, I won't go for a walk. 由于正下大雨, 我就不去散步了。
III. 让步状语从句连词 as 虽然, 尽管, 无论
Busy as he is, he studies English very hard. 尽管他忙, 他还是努力学习英语。
Small as atoms are, electrons are still(或 even)smaller. 原子虽然很小, 但电子更小。
Much as I should like to see you, I am afraid you could not have any free time. 虽然我特别愿意看见你, 但恐怕你不可能有空余时间。
Child as he is, he knows something of electricity. 他虽然还是个小孩, 但他懂得一些电学知识。(注意在本句型中, 作表语用的可数名词单数前不能加冠词 a。)
Try as you may, you will not succeed. 虽然你可以试试, 但不会成功。
Study as he may, he won't get good marks, because his method of studying is not scientific. 虽然可以学习, 但他得不了好分数, 因为他的学习方法不科学。
这种让步状语从句的特点:把从句里的表语(第一、二、四句)、状语(第三句中的 much)或实义动词(第六句中的 study)提前, 紧跟着就是 as, 然后再跟随其它成分。
必须注意, 本句型偶尔可用于表示原因状语从句。只能根据上下文来判别。如果主句和从句之间在意义上有转折, 则从句为让步状语从句;如果主句和从句有因果关系, 则从句为原因状语从句。例如:
a. Old as he is, he dares the dangers of icy north。虽然他老了, 但仍敢于冒北方冰寒的危险。
b. Old as he is, he has to go to bed early. 因为他老了, 他不得不早去睡觉。
Ⅳ. 比较状语从句
A. 一般比较(从句内常省略与主语相同的成分)
(a) as … as 和……一样(或同样)的…[注意:这里第一个 as 是副词, 作“一样”讲;第二个 as 是连词, 作“如同”、“像”讲。]
This line is as long as that one (is). 这条线和那条线同样长。
本句也可写成:This line is no less long than that one. 但是注意 as long as 还可用于条件状语从句。
Dying is as natural as living. 死和生一样, 都是自然现象。(意译)
He works as hard as we. 他工作和我们同样努力。
Wheel A revolves as fast as wheel B. A 轮和 B 轮旋转得同样快。
This is just as important an experiment as that. 这个实验和那个实验正好同样重要。
The speed of sound in water is about four times as great as in air. 声音在水中的速度比在空气中大三倍左右。(直译:…… 速度是在空气中的四倍左右。)
The temperature in the tower is as high as 500°C. 塔内温度高达500℃。
The art of paper-making was discovered as early as 1800 years ago. 远在一千八百年前就发明了造纸法。
He is as diligent as (he is) honest. 他又诚实又勤奋。
The garden is as still as still (can be). 这座花园再寂静不过了。
Her answer is as plain as plain can be. 她的答复再明白也没有了。
Einstein was as great a scientist as any(或 anybody)(else). 爱因斯坦是一位少有的伟大科学家
(b)not so as 不如(或没有)……那样……
Line AB is not so long as line CD. AB 线不如 CD 线(那样)长。
Wheel A does not revolve so fast as wheel B. A 轮没有 B 轮旋转那样快。
Man uses some non-metals not so widely as metals. 人类使用某些非金属,不如金属那样广泛。
Nothing is so precious as time. 时间最可贵。(原意为:没有东西象时间那样可贵了。)
The work did not go so smoothly as we hoped. 工作进行得没有我们希望的那样顺利。
None of the pure metals is so valuable to the industry as the alloys. 对工业来说, 没有一个纯金属像合金那样有价值。
(c) not as … as 和……不一样…(强调两者间的不同)
Line AB is not as long as line CD, but a little longer(或 shorter). AB 线和 CD 线的长度不一样,AB 线比较长一些(或短一些)。
Wheel A does not revolve as fast as wheel B, but much faster. A 轮和 B 轮的旋转速度 不同,A 轮的旋转快得多。
注:上述两句中若没有接上 "but…", 则 not as … as 通常和 not so … as 同义, 都表示“前者不如后者…”含义。
B. 比拟
“as … + as + 所比拟的事物”的含义为“如…一样”
It is as white as snow. 其白如雪。
as quick as lightning 速如闪电
as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛
as hot as fire 热如火
Ⅴ. as, just as, much as 和 as if(或 as though)引出行为方式状语从句或表语从句。
A. as 按照……样子、方式、办法……
We must do as the doctor tells us. 我们必须按照医生嘱咐去做。
You must try to hold the tool as I do. 你必须试着像我这样握住这个工具。
Leave the things as they are. 让那些东西保持原状。(或:别动那些东西。)
The result of this experiment is good enough as it is. 照现在这样,这个实验的结果够不错了。
Everything happened as (had been) expected. 每件事情都按照所预料的发生了。
The letter reads as (what) follows. 那封信的原文如下。
上述最后两句里 as 后的省略成分, 在一般情况下, 不必把它们加进去。
Heat does not travel by convection in a solid, because the solid does not move as does a liquid. 热量在固体内不能靠对流传递, 因为固体不能像液体那样流动。(注意 as 引出的行为方式状语从句内有时可能有主、谓语颠倒现象. 本句末的 does 为代动词。)
B. 用 as…, (so)…;…as…;…just as…;just as…, so…表示出带有方式状语从句的主从复合句。
这里副词 so 的含义相当于 in the same proportion(按相同的比例或程度), in like manner(同样地), in the same way(以相同的方式或方法)。连词 as 作“如同“、”像”讲。as 前使用 just 是为了加强语气。有时主句中主语、谓语可能颠倒。例如:
As two is to three, so is four to six. 四比六等于二比三。
Air is to man as water is to fish. 空气对于人, 如同水对于鱼。
Most plants need sunlight just as they need water. 大多数植物正像需要水那样需要阳光。
Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases. 空气是气体中最重要的一种, 正像水是液体中最重要的一种那样。
As you treat me, so I shall treat you. 你怎样对待我, 我也将怎样对待你。
As is the teacher, so is the pupil. 有什么样的老师, 就有什么样的学生。(或意译为:有其师必有其徒。)
注:注意由 as 引出的方式从句内有时省略主语。
Do as (it) seems best. 按看起来是最好的方式办事。
You must do so much as (it) is required of you. 你必须做要求你做的那么多的事。
C. 用 much as 引出从句, 表示“和…几乎一样”的比拟意味。例如:
We are dealing with something that flows along a conductor, much as water flows through a pipe. 我们正在研究沿着导体流动的一种东西, 这种情况和水通过管道的流动几乎一样。
D. as if 和 as though 好像…似的(从句一般用虚拟语气)[参阅第144节二]
Heat can flow from a hot body to a cooler body as if it were a fluid. 热好像流体一样, 能够从一个热的物体传到一个较冷的物体。
Man has to look after his rivers as if they were blood vessel in a human body. 人类必须照管好江河, 好像它们是人体内的血管。
She works hard as she never knew fatigue. 她努力工作, 仿佛她从来不知道疲倦那样。
注1:as if 比 as though 更为常用。注意现在也有人在 as if 后用陈述语气, 因为 as if 本身的语义已体现出后面的内容含有虚拟语气。例如:
It looks as if our team is (或 were) going to win. 看来我们队要赢。
注2:as if 后还可直接跟不定式。例如:
She opened her lips as if to say something. 她张开嘴, 好像要说些什么。
注3:注意 as if 或 as though 有时引出的从句省略了与主句相同的主语及其相应的 be 的变化形式。例如:
He reached out his hand as though (he was) trying to shake John by the hand. 他伸出乎似乎想和约翰握手。
五、用 as 引出宾语补语、主语补语
I. as 引出宾语补语的常用短语
We regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light. 我们把太阳看成是主要的热源和光源。
We consider radio waves as radiant energy. 我们认为无线电波是辐射能。
在科技文章里, 常见的有下列一些“动词(或短语动词)+ 名词(或代词)+ as + 宾语补语”这样的结构:
to accept… as 把……承认为, 承认……是
to define… as 把……解释为, 对……下的定义是
to consider… as 把……认为是
to refer to… as 把……指为(叫做)
to think of… as 把……看作
to treat… as 把……当做;以……来对待……
to describe… as 把……描述成
to regard… as 把……看成
II. as 引出的宾语补语有如下几种表示形式
A. as + 名词
We usually define energy as the ability to do work. 我们通常下定义说, 能能作功的本领。
B. as + 形容词
We often regard gas as compressible. 我们经常把气体看成是可压缩的。
We accept the conclusion as true. 我们承认这个结论是真实的。
C. as + 介词短语
We regard that conclusion as of consequence. 我们把这个结论看成是具有意义的。
D. as + 分词或分词短语
We consider the wire as disconnected. 我们认为这条线没有接好。
We consider this machine as representing the best one in our plant. 我们把这台机器认为是我们工厂里最好的一台。(或:……认为是代 表我们工厂里最好的一台。)
E. 下列各句里 as 也引出宾语补语
The use of silver as a conductor is limited because of its cost. 由于成本高, 银作导体用是受到限制的。(as a conductor 作 silver 的补语, 可联系动词的搭配用法:to use silver as a conductor. 这里 as a conductor 作宾补。)
I make it as a rule to go to our workshop before 6∶00 every morning. 我总是每天早上六点前到车间去。(it 为形式宾语, 后面的不定式为真正宾语。直译:我每天早上六点前去车间, 这件事我已视为惯例。)
III. As 引同主语补语
上一节里的大部分句子都能变为被动态句子:
主动句:We regard the sun as the chief source of heat and light.
被动句:The sun is regarded as the chief source of heat and light (by us). 太阳被认为是主要的热源和光源。
主动句:We cannot consider this suggestion as established.
被动句:This suggestion cannot be considered as established. 这个提议不能(被)认为已成立了。
在主动句里, as 所引出的补语说明作宾语的 the sun 和 this suggestion, 所以叫做宾语补语。在被动句中, as 引出的补语变为说明作主语的 the sun 和 this suggestion, 所以叫做主语补语. 如果扩大主语补语概念, 对主语补足这个广义来看, 则下列各句内的 as 所引出的成分也可视为主语补语:
As members of the environment protection committee we must set up good example. 作为环保委员会成员, 我们必须树立好榜样. (从意义上也可理解为原因状语。)
Metallurgy as an applied science treats of the deriving of metals and their special properties. 冶金学作为一门应用科学, 是研究金属的提炼方法及其特性的。(从意义上也可理解为同位语。)
How can this be described merely as lacking of experience? 这怎么能说成只是缺乏经验呢?
We produce a lot of H2SO4, HCl and HNO3 which are known as the three main strong acids industry. 我们生产大量硫酸、盐酸和硝酸, 它们通称为工业中“三大强酸”。(省略 which are, 则 known as… 作后置定语。)
Ⅳ. 由 as 引出另一种形式的主语补语
I have come here as a manager. 我以经理的身份来到这里。
Many petroleum products serve as raw materials for the chemical industries. 许多石油产品用作各化学工业的原料。
When coal burns, part of it is left as ash. 煤在燃烧时, 它的一部分作为灰烬留了下来。
六、用 as 引出表语或表语从句
The society is as a stage. 社会好比是个舞台。
It may be as it you say. 这也许是你说的那样。
The answer is as it should be. 答案本应如此。
Things are not always as they seem to be. 事情并不总是像表面上看来的那样。
The room looks just as it did when her late husband worked in it. 这房间还是她的已故丈夫在那儿办公时的那个样子。
七、用 as 引出同位语
Derek told us about his experiences as a young man. 德立克告诉了我们有关他年轻时的一些经历。
Metals possess many special properties, as (或 such as) ductility, fusibility and malleability. 金属具有许多特有的性能,如延展性、可熔性和可锻性。
As an insulator, oil is better than air. 作为一种绝缘体来说, 油比空气好。
Sidney is their team leader, and as such has to sign this paper. 锡德尼是他们的队长, 而作为队长他就得在这文件上签字。
八、用 as 引出插入句
as 作“如同……那样, 正如……那样”解, 也可引出一个附带说明的句子, 表示说话人说出这句话的根据, 或对这句话的态度, 或作出某种解释或评论, 这种成分叫做插入句, 它一般必须用逗号隔开。
The difference, as I see it, is one of method and not of principle. 照我看来, 这是一个方法上, 而不是原则上的分歧。(one 代替 difference。)
As it is, we cannot go there. 就目前情况而言, 我们不能去那儿。
This old machine must be, as it appears to me, replaced by a computer-controlled machine. 依我看来, 这台旧机器必须换成一台由计算机控制的机器。
The products of the chemical industry make a major contribution to present-day standards of living, and life, as we know it today, would be impossible without those products. 化学工业产品对今日生活水平作出重要贡献, 并且正如我们目前所知道那样, 要是没有这些产品, 我们的生活就不可思议。
还有一种插入句形式的定语从句所表示的意思与上述例句很相似。参阅本节四-Ⅳ。
九、as 的其它用法
I. 在下列句子里 as 所引出的从句, 从句子结构来看是方式状语从句, 作“像……那样的”讲, 从意义来讲, 是定语从句。因此, 能领会其用法就行。
Copper as it comes from ordinary smelting works contains many impurities. 从普通熔炼厂出来的那样的铜, 含有许多杂质。
He wrote about China as it was thirty years ago. 他曾写过三十年前的中国。
II. 下列句子里的“as + 过去分词或过去分词短语”可用作定语
(联系下文,见本节[As 在各种句型和固定词组里的用法] 1、B):
See the answers as given at the end of this book. 请参阅本书末所给出的那些答案。
注 1:as 的基本含义是“像……那样的”。as given 之类的定语, 表示说话人对他所讲的话通过这样方式来加以解释, 对此提出他的看法, 或举例以证实他的观点。如果是平铺直叙的定语, 还可以把 as 取消。如:
See the answers given at the end of this book.
注 2:对于 the answers as given…, 也可以改为:the answers as they are given …。现在再举两个相类似的短语:
the elements as (they are) pointed out below. 如下面所指出的那些元素
the instruments as (they are) listed below. 如下面所列举的那些仪器
III. as many(用于可数名词)(与……)同样的, (与……)数相同的;as much(用于不可数名词)(与……)同量的;同样地
There are sixty tools in that workshop; and there are as many in ours. 那个车间有六十件工具;我们车间里也有同数量的工具(或也有六十件)。
He did it in three hours, but it took me as many days. 这件工作他用三小时做完, 可是却花了我三天(才把那件工作做完)。
Fix fifty hooks to as many ropes. 在这五十个钩子上, 每一个都系上一条绳子。(意译)
This car can run sixty miles in as many minutes. 这辆汽车在六十分钟里(或每小时)能跑六十英里。
I think as much. 我也这样想. (或译:我想到的也是这些。)
十、as 用法的判别
I. 注意 as 和其前后的有关词(如so, such, same, many, much 等)的内在联系。现以其中 as 和 such 的搭配为例, 来说明内在联系的变化。
X-rays can penetrate through many materials, such as wood, cloth and thin sheets of aluminium. X 射线能够穿透许多材料, 例如木材、布和薄铝板等。
The programmed robot is such as I have never seen before. 这样的程控机器人我从未见过。(意译)
Such materials as (are) copper and silver are called good conductors. 像铜和银那样的材料称之为良导体。
This is a new type of precision instrument, and as such it is quite widely used. 这是一种新型的精密仪器, 因而十分广泛地(被)使用。
上面四句都用了 as 和 such 两词, 但它们在各句中排列组合和前后的相互联系不全然相同, 意义就不同。
第 1、2 句中都用了 such as, 但第 1 句中, such as 前有一个逗号, 逗号前是复数名词, 这时 such as 后 所列举的东西是前面 materials 的同位语。第 2 句的 such as 前没有逗号, such 在该句中只能作表语用, 其后面的 as 又只能是 such 的关系代词, 引出定语从句。这时 such 就只能作“这样的人、事、物”解。
第 3 句中的 as 前有个指示词 such, 由于 such 是定语, 后面与之呼应的 as 从句必然是进一步说明前面的 such 的, 故从句也是定语从句。判别时抓住 as 前面有没有这个指示词 such 即可, 但与第 2 句的差别在于第 2 句中的 such 单独作代词用, 作“这样的人、事、物”讲, 而第 3 句中的 such 是形容词。只作 “这样的”讲。故后面必有 such 所修饰的名词 materials。
第 4 句和前三句不同点是用了 as such, 而不是 such as。词序变了, 意思就变了。第 4 句表面上把 as such 译为“因而”, 这是翻译技巧问题。实际上该句原意仍是:“这是一种新型的精密仪器, 像这样的仪器它是十分广泛地被使用的。”
根据上述, 我们认为必须注意那些常用的一套一套的“排列组合”。
II. 根据上下文来判断 as 的语法功用。
单个 as 引出的从句有:时间从句、原因从句、让步从句、比较从句、方式状语从句、定语从句、表语从句和插入句(见本节、八)。由于在这些句中只有单个 as, 前后没有像 such, so, same, as, that, many, much 之类的有关词的搭配和衬托, 判别从句的语法意义就要靠上下文和逻辑性来进行。例如:
We cannot see sound waves as they travel through air. 当声波通过空气时, 我们并不能看见它。(时间从句)
As heat energy makes things move, it is a form of energy. 由于热能可使物体运动, 所以它是一种能。(原因从句)
注:用 as 引导的原因从句, 它与主句一般具有明显的因果关系。利用这一点, 就可基本上把 as 引导的原因从句和时间从句相区别开了。
Much as she would like to see this film, I am afraid she is too busy to go to the cinema. 虽然她特别愿意看这部电影, 但我恐怕她太忙, 去不了电影院。(让步从句)
When the circuit is closed, the battery sets these electrons in motion through the wires and motor back to the battery again, much as the pump sets the water in motion. 当电路闭合时, 蓄电池使电子流经电线和马达, 然后再返回蓄电池。这种情况和水泵使水流动的情况是十分类似的。(行为方式从句, 表示比拟)
The result of his research is good enough as it is. 照现在这样, 他的研究结果够不错了。(方式状语从句)
It may be as you say. 这也许是你说的那样。(表语从句)
Gases as we know, expand more rapidly than solids when they are heated. 据我们所知, 当受热时, 气体比固体膨胀得快。(插入句意味的定语从句)
第 1 句和第 2 句只能从句义来判别(见上面关于原因从句的注), 语法本身无能为力。
第 3 句 much 是句中状语。由于位置挪到 as 前面, 就构成让步从句的结构(见本节四、Ⅲ)。但第 4 句从表面上看, 也有 much as 形式, 但由于句中不需要 much 作动词的状语, 于是就不能构成让步从句的结构。这样就意味着用 much as(作“和……几乎一样”讲)引出一个行为方式从句, 表示出和主句的比拟。
第 5 句如果按原因、时间翻译, 句义怎么也讲不通, 也不合逻辑。如果按方式状语从句译, 正好讲得通, 这就表示对该句判别正确。
第 6 句中 as you say 非作表语从句分析不可, 否则该句子成了没有表语了。
第 7 句 as 引出的从句前后有逗号隔开, 一般说来, 作插入句的可能性就比较大了。但作插入句用还缺少一个宾语 them(作 know 的宾语)。可是, 就其从句意思来看, 倒可译为“据我们所知”。如果把该从句分析为 as 代替整个主句意思的定语从句(参阅本节一、Ⅳ), 也未尝不可。因此, 希望不必过多地抠语法分析, 能领会其意就可以了。
As 在各种句型和固定词组里的用法
现把上面的“As 的主要用法和判别”中提到的或没有提到的 as 在各种固定词组里的用法归纳如下:
1.
(A)单个 as 引出各种从句:
时间从句(见本节四、Ⅰ);
原因从句(见本节四、Ⅱ);
让步从句(见本节四、Ⅲ);
比较状语从句(见本节四、Ⅳ);
方式状语从句(见本节四、Ⅴ);
表语从句(见本节六);
定语从句(见本节二和三);
插入句(见本节八)。
同位语(见本节七)
(B)“as +过去分词短语”, 一般构成定语、状语、宾语补语、主语补语或有省略成分的从句:
He hopes we will be able to carry out everything as planned. 他希望我们能按计划行事。(状语)
The nucleus is heavy as compared with electrons. 和电子相比, 核就较重。(状语, 或相当于状语从句:if it is compared with electrons. )
The electrons, as shown in Fig. 5, are very light. 电子非常轻, 如图5所示。(定语或相当于非限制性定语从句。在后一种情况下, 从句中省略is, 而as代替主句整个意思。)
See the answers as given at the end of this book. 请参阅本书末给的答案。(定语)
We can think of an atom as made up of nucleus and electrons. 我们可把原子看作是由核子和电子组成。(宾语补语)
Matter is spoken of as electrically constituted. 我们说物质是由带电粒子构成. (主语补语)
If the separator is(或 goes)out of order, check and clean as(it is)required. 如果该分离器出故障, 则根据需要进行检查和清理。(省略句本身是状语从句。)
(C)“as +介词短语”(这种 结构前后多半有逗号, 可译为“如…”、“像…”):
The flow of current in a semiconductor can be formed by a flow of negative charges, as in the case of conductors. 半导体中电流的流动, 像导体内情况一样, 是通过负电荷的流动而形成的。
As in the first method, the gas must be preheated to 150℃. 如同第一种方法, 该气体必须预热到150℃。
I heard the whir as from a car. 我听到了好像汽车的呼呼声。
Without intelligence and diligence on the part of the students, as indeed without the leadership and the coaching of the teachers, a good examination result will not come. 在部分学生身上, 如果他们没有智力和勤奋, 确实如同没有老师的指导和训练一样, 就不会有好的考试成绩.
2. as a matter of fact 事实上, 其实
As a matter of fact, mathematics finds its application in every science. 事实上, 数学在各门科学中都有它的用处。
As a matter of fact, I know nothing about the constructions of the information products. 其实我对这些信息产品的构造一无所知。
3. as a result 结果, 终于, 因此
She studied hard. As a result, she made fast progress in the studies. 她学习用功。因此她在学习方面进步很快。
The production has begun, as a result, to rise rapidly. 生产终于开始迅速地上升。(或译:结果是生产已经开始迅速上升。)
4. as a result(或 consequence)of…作为…结果, 由于…结果
As a result of(或 As a consequence of, In consequence of, Consequent upon)its rise in temperature the gas expands. 由于温度上升, 气体就膨胀。
Science means systematic knowledge possessed as a result(或 as a consequence) of practice and study. 科学是由于实践和研究的结果而获得的系统知识。
5. as a rule, 作为一个常规, 通常, 习以为常
As a rule, we keep records on all the experiments so that we may have enough data. 我们通常总是对所有的实验都作记录, 以便得到足够的资料。
They sum up their experience at the end(或 close)of every year as a rule. 他们通常年终总结经验。
6. as a whole 作为一个整体(来看)
We should analyse the problem as a whole. 我们应该把这个问题作为一个整体来分析。(状语)
He is to be responsible for the work as a whole. 他将要负责整个工作。(定语)
7. as above 如上
It has been explained as above. 这件事已在上面解释过了。
8. as against 与…对照, 与…对比
There are more than three hundred middle schools in Tianjin this year, as against only 80 before liberation. 今年天津有三百多所中学, 而解放前只有八十所。
The production of various electron tubes has been increased four times as against 1958. 电子管产量已比 1958 年增加了三倍。
9. as…as 像…一样, 如…一样(详见前文本节四、Ⅳ-A、B)
10。“as + 形容词(或副词)+as+形容词(或副词)” 又…又…
This method is as simple as practical. 这种方法又实用又简单。
The wheel turns as fast as stably. 这个轮子旋转得又快又稳。
11. as…as any (或 anybody) 不弱于任何的…, 史无前例的…
He is as great a scientist as any. (他是一位少有的大科学家。)
12. as…as anything 非常地…, 无可比拟地…
The work is as easy as anything. 这项工作特别容易。(相当于:…as easy as can be)
I will make it as clean as anything can be. 我将尽量把它弄干净。(也可改为:…as clean as possible。)
13. be as + 形容词(如 clear, easy 等) + as + 与前相同的形容词 + can be
The facts are as clear. 这些事实十分清楚。
14. as…as ever 像往常一样…
She works as hard as ever. 她工作一贯努力。(原义为:她和往常一样, 努力工作。也可写:She works as hard as before. )
15. as…as possible 尽可能地…
We should study as hard as possible. 我们应当尽可能地努力学习。
as soon as possible 尽可能早
as big as possible 尽可能大, 越大越好
as carefully as possible越仔细越好
16. as before 依旧
He gave the same answer as before(或 as ever). 他依然作了相同的答复. (原义:他给了与以前相同的答复。)
17. as compared with 和…相比
China today has produced much more steel as compared with China yesterday. 今天的中国已比过去的中国生产了多得多的钢。
18. as early as…早在…
As early as 1949, he suggested that plan. 早在 1949 年他就提出了那个计划。(1949 前不能用 in。)
19. as(或so)far as…is concerned(或 goes)就…而论
As (或 So) for as the quality of tones is concerned(或 goes), this radio-set is quite up to the standard. 就音质而论, 这架收音机已完全达到标准。
20. as(或so)far as we know. 就我们所知
As far as we know, not all of us realize the importance of this step. 据我们所知, 并不是我们中间每一个人都明瞭采取这一步骤的重要性。
Not so far as we know. 据我们所知, 并非这样。
21. as follows 如下
The text reads as follows. 原文如下。
22. As for(或 as to)至于, 讲到, 关于
As for(或 As to)physics, it is not difficult at all. 至于物理学, 那一点也不难。
As for us, we have no objection. 至于我们, 则并不反对。
23. as good as 跟…一样, 几乎等于
She is as good as her words. 她遵守诺言。(或译:她实践诺言。)
The noise of this machine is so low; it is as good as silent. 这台机器的噪音如此之低, 如同没有声音一样。
24. as if 好像…似的(参阅本节四、D)
25. as it does (或 did) 实际上(与 现在分词短语连用时有原因意味)
The process involves as it does the oxidation of CO. 这个过程实际上涉及到 CO 的氧化。
The instrument is of great interest, involving as it does a new principle of work. 该仪器由于涉及新的工作原理而具有重要意义。
Living as we did in a remote village, we rarely had visitors. 由于当时我们住在偏僻的村庄, 所以很少有客人来访。(当涉及的主体是人时, 则用其相应的人称代词。同时还必须注意主句所用的时态。本句内谓语用过去时态, 就用 as we did. 如果谓语用现在时, 则就应该用 as we do.)
26. as it is(或 was) 1. 在句首, 作“但在实际上, 实际上”讲;2. 在句末, 作“照原来样子”讲;3. 与分词连用有原因意味。
As it was, we did help them. 事实上, 我们的确帮了他们。
Carry out the plan as it is. 请照原样执行计划。
It is good enough as it is. 照现在的样子够不错了。
Leave the things as they are. 别动这些东西。(直译为:让这些东西照样放在那儿。)
注意 it 不是一成不变的, 可根据它实际上所代表的名词, 改用 we, they, you, he 等其他人称。上句前面为 the things, 故后面用 they。
Burdened as he was, he could not walk fast. 由于负荷太重, 他不能走快。
27. as it were(插入语)仿佛, 好像, 可以说
The sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain. 天空好像被黑幕遮住了似的。
28.
(a)as like as not 很可能;多半
As like as not, he is already there. 他很可能已在那儿。
(b)as likely as not 多半
She will fail as likely as not. 她多半会失败。
29.
(a)as long as…如同…之久;如同…长(引出比较状语从句)
Stay as long as you like. 你爱呆多久, 就呆多久。(句中 as you like 为比较状语从句)
So the tree’s shadow will also be three times as long as the tree is high. 因此, 树影长度将是树高的三倍。(第二个 as 引出比较状语从句。)
(b)as long as …当……时(引出时间状语从句)
I will fight for the cause of science and education as long as I live. 我活一天, 就要为科学和教育事业奋斗一天。
(c)so (或 as) long as…只要……(引出条件状语从句)
You may use that dictionary so (或 as) long as you keep it clean. 你可以用那本辞典, 只要你把它保持清洁。
上句中 as long as 和 so long as 还可用 if only 代替。
30. as many(与……)同样的;与(……)数相同的
Those five days seemed to me as many years. 那五天对我好像等于五年一样。
We expected to sell 500 tickets, but we sold twice as many. 我们原希望出售 500 张票, 但后来售出 500 张的两倍。
31. as many… as… 如…一般多…;凡…的…都
From this library you can borrow as many books as you want to read. 在这个图书馆内, 凡是你想读的书都能借到。
There are as many people in your class as in our class. 你班和我班的人数相同。
32.
(a)as many (或 much, fast 等) again as…两倍于, 是…的两倍, 多(或快)一倍
(b)half as many (或 much, fast 等) again as…是…的一倍半, 多(或快)半倍
(c)half as many(或 much, fast 等)as… 是…的一半
I have as many video discs again as he. 我有的影碟是他有的两倍。(表示:…比他多一倍。)(相当于:I have twice as many video discs as he)
Wheel A turns half as fast again as wheel B. A 轮转动比 B 轮快半倍。
They have produced half as much steel as we. 他们生产的钢比我们生产的少一半。
33. as matters stand 按目前情况来说
As matters stand, he does not like to make the plan public. 就目前情况而论, 他不愿公开那个计划。
34.
(a)as much(与…)同量的;同样地
Compared with steel, aluminium has a third its modulus of elasticity, weighs a third as much, and costs about three times as much. 与钢相比, 铝的弹性模数是钢的 1/3, 重量也是钢的 1/3, 而价格则是钢的三倍左右。
I was in the least not surprised, for I had expected as much. 我(丝)毫不惊奇, 因为我早已料到会有这样的事。(意思接近于 so much。)
I hope as much. 我也这样希望。
(b)as much…as… 如…一般多的…
On the moon itself the force of gravitation is one sixth as much as it is on the earth. 在月球上, 重力是地球上的六分之一。
You never get as much useful work out of a machine as you put into it. 你从机器得到的有效功, 永远不会等同于你输入的功。
35. as near as… 差一点…,几乎…
She was as near could be knocked down by a car. 她差一点被汽车撞倒。
36. as near as no matter 差一点…, 很接近于…
The child came as near as no matter being drowned. 这小孩差一点被淹死。
37. as of old 仍旧, 照旧
Such dresses are in fashion as of old. 这样一些服装仍然流行。
38. as often as not 常常, 屡次
We go to the exhibition hall as often as not. 我们常去展览馆。
39. as regards(或 concerns)+名词 至于, 提到, 关于, 就…说
As regards(或 concerns)that cutting machine, its moving parts have been worn out. 至于那台金属切割机, 它的活动机件已被磨损。
40. as shown…如…所示
The value of X, as (is) shown in Fig.2, is great. 如图 2 所示, X 值是大的。(引出非限制性定语从句)
41. as…(从句), so…(主句)如同……一样, ……
As the atom is the unit particle for elements, so the molecule forms an indivisible unit for compounds. 如同原于是元素的基本单位粒子一样, 分子形成了 化合物的一个最小单位。
42. as soon as…(连接时间从句)一…就(参阅147三和四)
As soon as the experiment was over, we went to the library. 那个实验一完成, 我们就去图书馆了。
As soon as we disconnect one end of a wire leading to the electric-light bulb, the light goes out at once. 我们一把通电灯泡的一根金属线断开, 电灯立即熄灭。
Speak to Prof. Lu as soon as you can. 你尽早对卢教授去说。
辨异:Speak to her as fast as you can. 你对她说话, 能说多快就多快。
43. as soon as possible 尽早地
We must improve our equipment as soon as possible. (或 as soon as we can). 我们必须尽早改进设备。
44. as such 像这样的人、事、物;作为这样的人、事、物;以…资格、名义、身份;因而
He is our teacher, and as such must be respected. 他是我们的老师, 因此必须受到尊敬。
He was a foreigner and was treated as such. 他是外国人, 所以受到对待外国人的待遇。
History as such was often neglected. 以往历史本身常被忽视。
Wealth, as such, doesn't matter much. 单是有钱财算不了什么。
45. as the case may be 看情况, 随机应变地
In taking a picture, the shutter, the focal length and the other things must be adjusted as the case may be. 在拍照过程中, 快门、焦距等等, 必须按实际情况加以调整。
He arranges matters as the case may be. 他按照实际情况安排事情。
46. as things are 就目前情况而论
As things are, we cannot put the plan into pratice. 就目前情况说来, 我们还不能将此计划付诸实施。
47. as things go 按事态发展来看
As things go, they are looking at this problem. 就事态发展来看, 他们正在分析这个问题。
48. as though…(行为方法状语从句)好像……似的(用法同 as if, 详见上文第 24 条)
49. as to 关于, 至于
As to this home computer, it can be guaranteed for one year. 至于这台家用计算机, 它能保修一年。
A question arises as to how we shall refit the equipment. 关于如何改装那个装置的问题提出来了。(as to 接一个介词宾语从句。)
50. as touching (或 concerning) + 名词 关于…, 有关…,涉及…
Please inform me as touching (或 concerning) the matter. 关于那件事的情况, 请你通知我。
51. as usual照例, 照常
He arrived on schedule (或 on time) as usual. 他照常准时到达。
The notebook computer operates well as usual. 这台笔记本电脑与平时一样, 运转良好。
52. as well 又, 也, 同样
He speaks English as well. 他也讲英语。
The board president has knowledge and experience as well. 这位董事长既有学问, 又有经验。
This law is true of other gases as well. 该定律也适用于其它气体。
Not only does the distance travelled in unit time remain the same but the direction as well does not change. 不仅单位时间内的移动距离不变, 而且其方向也不变。(由于 Not only 在句首, 后面主、谓语要用颠倒语序。)
53. as well as 和…一样, 不但…而且…
He works as well as he can. 他尽可能地做好工作。
You workd as well as he. 你和他都一样工作。(原义:他工作, 而你也工作。)
Those Chinese pupils study English as well as Chinese. 那些中国学生不仅学汉语, 而且还学英语。(注意先译后面的 Chinese, 然后再译前面的 English。)
He has skill as well as knowledge. 他既有学问, 又有熟练技能。
Air, as well as water, is needed to make plants grow. 空气同水一样是植物生长所必需的。(注意句中两个逗号也可不用。后面不能用are。)
Small towns as well as big cities are being rapidly industrialized. 小城镇和大城市一样, 都在迅速地工业化。
The three gas laws are true of all gases, as well as of air. 气体三定律适用于空气, 也适用于所有气体。
We can turn electric energy into light energy as well as into heat energy. 我们不但能把电能转化为热能, 也能转化为光能。
He agrees with you, as well as I. 不但我同意你, 他也同意你。
He agrees with you, as well as with me. 他不但同意我,也同意你。
54. as yet 到目前为止
He has not finished the work as yet. 他到现在还没有完成那项工作。
The laptop (computer) has worked well as yet. 到目前为止这台膝上型电脑运转正常。
55. according as…(从句)随…而定, 依照…
The thermometer rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold. 温度表随着空气的热冷而升降。
56. in as much as…(引出原因从句)因为…
In as much as the pressure increases with depth, there is a greater pressure at the lower surface of the submerged body than at the upper surface. 因为压力随深度而增加, 所以浸入水中的物体的底面所受到的压力比顶面大。
57. In so far as …(从句)在……范围内, 在……限度内
Insofar as I can see, they are all satisfied with this arrangement. 据我了解, 他们对这一安排都感到满意。
58. be known as 叫做, 通称为
This microcomputer is known as a palmtop PC. 这个微型计算机叫做掌上型电脑。
59. just as well 正因如此
Since water is so universally present, perhaps it is just as well that its properties have been studied. 因为水到处存在, 也许正因为如此, 对水的性质已经作了研究。
60. just as with… 正如同…一样(比较状语)
Just as with the parallel water pumps, the currents from these parallel generators will add together to make a total flow of 100 amperes. 正如同并联的水泵一样, 这些并联的发电机所产生的电流将加在一起, 以构成 100 安培的总电流。
61. may as well, might as well(后者婉转)还是……好, 不妨, 也好
You may (或 might) as well repeat the experiment. 你还是把这个实验重做一次为好。
You may as well begin at once. 你不妨立即着手。
62. may (或 might) as well…as (…)与其(…)宁肯…做为好
One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. 与其一知半解, 不如完全不知为好。
You might as well advice me to give up my plan as my argument. 你要我放弃我的论点, 还不如要我放弃我的计划。(句中 might 并不表示过去时, 而是虚拟语气, 实际上表示:要我放弃自己论点和计划均不可能。)
63. no…so…as (…) 没…像(…)那样
No substance so completely permeates our lives as do water, air and the like. 没有一种物质像水、空气等那样为我们生活所必不可少。(as 引出的比较状语从句内有主、谓语颠倒现象。其中 do 为代动词。)
64. not so…as (…)不如(…)那样…
He does not study so hard as you. 他学习不如你用功。
65. not so much as…甚至连…也不, 竟未…
He does not so much as understand this law. 他甚至连这个定律都不了解。
There is not so much as an error in his answer. 他的回答连一个错也没有。
注:当 not so much 和 as 分开时, 其用法有异。例如:
The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋分割世界, 还不如说海洋连接世界。
66. not so much…as… 与其说……不如说……(这里 not so much 相当于 less, 而 as 相当于 than。)
He is not so much a teacher as a writer. 与其说他是教师,不如说是作家。(=He is less a teacher than a writer. )
A man’s worth lies not so much in what he has as in what he is. 一个人的价值不在于他拥有什么, 而在于他是什么样的人。(句中两个 what 分别作 in 的介词宾语从句。)
67. same …as…(接定语从句)和……相同的(参阅本节一)
I am reading the same book as you read yesterday. 我正在读的书就是你昨天读的那本书。
68. so as to (后接不定式动词)为的是, 以便…;以致…
We must go early so as to be in time. 我们必须早去, 才能准时。(目的状语)
He worked hard so as to end the task with success. 他努力干, 终于胜利完成了任务。(结果状语)
69. so…as to(接不定式动词)如此地…以致…;若前与 be 连用, 则表示祈使句中“请”之意。例如:
He wrote so carefully as to make every word clear. 他写得如此地小心, 所以每个单词都很清晰。
Heat treatment is used so as to improve the properties of some metals. 使用热处理可改进某些金属的性能。
Petroleum maybe of low viscosity or so viscous as to be nearly im-mobile. 石油有低粘度的, 也有粘得几乎不能流动的。
Be so kind (或 good) as to help me in doing (或 making) the sum. 劳驾帮我算一下。
70. so long as…(条件从句)只要…(上文第 29 条)
Every wire carrying an electric current has a magnetic field so (或 as) long as the current flows. 只要有电流通过, 每根带电的金属丝都产生磁场。
71. so (或 as) far as…(条件从句)就…而论
So (或 As) far as the quality of tones is concerned, this radio set is quite up to the standard. 就音质而论, 这台无线电完全达到标准。
The scientific research is well on the way so far as I know. 据我所知, 这项科学研究正蓬勃开展。
72. such as…像…那(或这)样的(详见本节二)
73. such…as 像…那(或这)样的(详见本节二)
74. such (…) as to + 不定式短语 如此的…以致(结果状语)
This problem is such as to interest only a few people. (= It is such a problem as to interest only a few people.) 这样的问题只能使少数人感兴趣。(联系第53节二、Ⅶ-C 第 4 句)
75. without so much as + 动名词短语 甚至连…也不;竟然没有……
He left the room without so much as closing door. 他连门都没关就离开了房间。
She went away without so much as saying good-bye. 她竟然不辞而去。
At 的基本含义及其搭配用法分类
一、介词 at 用于表示时间的一个点
at six o'clock 在六点钟;
at noon (或 midnight) 在中午(或半夜);
at day break (或 dawn) 在破晓(或黎明)时;
at sunrise (或 sunset) 太阳升起(或落山)时;
at the beginning (或 end) of the meeting 会议开始(或结束)时;
at the weekend = <美> on the weekend 在周末;
at the same time (或 that time) 同时(或在那时);
at (the) present (time)当前;
at the age of ten (年龄)十岁时等
二、at 用于表示地点的一个点
at Beijing Hotel 在北京饭店;
at Tianjin University 在天津大学;
at the hospital 在医院;
at the office 在办公室;
at the club 在俱乐部;
at London Airport 在伦敦机场;
at the network information center 在网络信息中心等
注1:除了 at London Airport 以外,上述其余举例中都可用介词 in 代替 at。只是用 in时,侧重表示在某一封闭的范围内。
注2:到达大城市上海用 arrive in Shanghai,而到达小地方廊坊镇则用 arrive at Langfang. 其理由是把小城镇看成点。
注3:如果 at 后接某人姓的所有格或某种行业人员的所有格,就可表示某人的住处或某种行业的店铺。例如 at Mr. white's 在怀特先生家;at his uncle's 在他叔叔家;at the tailor's 在裁缝店;at the barber's 在理发店;at the grocer's 在食品杂货店等。
三、at 用于无法按面积或空间划定范围的某处(如 “在公共汽车站”等)
at the bus-stop 在公共汽车站;
at the door (或 the entrance) 在门口(或入口处);
at the window 在窗户旁边;
at the foot of the hill 在山脚下;
at the top of the mountain 在山顶上[侧重表示在山顶这个高度上];
on the top of the mountain 在山顶这块表面上;
at page 6 在第 6 页上等
四、at 用于会议、宴会、婚礼、茶话会等名词前面
at the meeting (或 the conference)在会上(或在学术会议、调查会上);
at a banquet (或 a feast) 在一个宴会(或宴席)上;
at the wedding 在婚礼上;
at the tea party 在茶话会上;
at the press conference 在新闻发布会上等
五、at 用于价格、速度以及其它任何物理量数值之前以表示一个点
at any cost (或 rate)不惜任何代价(或不管怎样);
at a rapid rate 以飞快的速度;
at a temperature of 30℃ 在30℃时;
at a distance 在一定距离处;
at hand 在身边[由“近在乎边”引申过来];
at sea level 在海平线上;
keep sb. at arm's length 避免同某人亲近[由“保持一臂距离”引申过来]等
六、at 与动词连用时可表示动词动作所对准的目标或目的物
look at …观看 (黑板即 the blackboard);glance at…一瞥(那张画);stare at…盯着看(某人、某物);aim at… 瞄准…;point at… 指着…;fire (a gun) at…向…开火;shoot at… 向…射击;go at sb. 向某人扑去;run at… 向某人冲去;rush at sb. 某人冲去;jump (或 leap) at… 跃向(某人),找某人岔子,欣然抓住(机会等),急忙接受(建议、工作等);fly at… 飞快扑向(某人);cut at sb. 向某人砍去;throw (或 fling) out questions at sb. 随即向某人(激烈地)发问;get at sb. 指责、攻击或纠缠某人;talk at sb. 指桑骂槐说某人;laugh at sb. 嘲笑某人;shout at sb. 对着某人喊叫;knock (或 beat, hammer, pound) at the door敲打(门等);work (或 labour, go, hammer) at… 对(英语)下功夫或推敲研究 estimate… at… 把…估计为…;rate (或 value)… at… 将…评价(或估价)为…;guess at…猜测(年龄、价格等);grasp at… 抓住(绳子即 a rope 或机会即 the chance);catch (或 dive) at a chance 抓住(或扑过去抓住)机会;pull at the rope用力拉或拉住绳子;come (或 get) at the meaning of the word 理解到这个词义等
七、be good (或 bad,quick 等) at… 结构中 at 仍表示“对准其中某点”而言
be good at…(他)擅长(汉语);
be bad at… 他(日语)差或不好;
be quick (或 slow) at translation(他们)翻译快(或慢);
be expert at English(他)对英语很专长;
be skillful at typing 对打字很熟练等
注:有时和某些名词连用,at 也有上述类似用法。例如:be an expert (或 a genius) at French(她)是对法语有专长(或天才)的人;take aim at the enemy 瞄准敌人等
八、at 作“对于”讲及与喜怒哀乐的形容词及相应的名词或介词短语连用时的搭配用法举例
be shocked (或 disappointed) at the news(她)对这消息感到震惊(或失望);
be glad (或 pleased,delightcd) at…对…感到高兴;
be sad (或 miserable) at… 对…很难过(或伤心);
be angry (或 disgusted) at… 对…生气(或厌恶);
feel one's surprise at… 对(这事故即 the accident)感到惊讶;
talk of one's disappointment at …谈及自己对……的失望;
show one's pleasure at… 对……显示很高兴;
be grief at… 对(某人的去世即 sb's death)感到悲伤;
be in high spirits at… 对(远大的前程即 a great future)心境很佳等
九、对于“at + 形容词最高级”结构的理解和推广,这里形容词最高级前省略 the。这表明已转化为名词,并且表示一个极限点,故前用 at 十分合理
at (the) most 至多;
at (the) least 至少;
at longest 最长或最久时;
at earliest (或 latest) 最早(或最晚);
at worst 最坏情况下;
at sb's best 在某人最好或全盛时;
at best 最好情况下或充其量;
at widest 最宽处;
at the very outside 至多,充其量[一种类似的用法]
十、“a + 冠词 + 动作名词”作“一…就”讲时的搭配用法举例
at (the) first 最初,起初;
at (the) first sight (或 glance,appearance)乍一看;
at a moment's notice 一通知就…;
at the beginning (或 start) 一开始便…;
at sb's request (或 invitation)应某人要求(或邀请);
at the thought of… 一想到(某人、某事);
at a guess 猜一下或粗略估计等
注:但 at a loss 却作“不知所措”讲,表示一种失落感。有时还表示“吃亏、受损失”。
十一、表示状态用的“at + 抽象名词”结构常用千作表语、补语、后置定语、状语
be at rest 处于静止状态;
be at peace (或 war)处于和平(或交战)状态;
at will 任意地,随意地[由“处于听从意志安排”引申过来];
at random 胡乱地,杂乱无章;
be at fault 有过错;
be at (one's) studies 在学习;
be at work (或 school, college) 在工作(或上学,上大学);
be at table (或 meal,dinner) 在吃饭;
be at breakfast (或 lunch)在吃早饭(或午饭等);
What are you at? 你在干什么?
be at a lecture 在听讲座或讲课;
be at high tide(改革等)处于高潮等
十二、几个例外情况
at large 消遥法外,充分或详细地,总的来说[必须结合上下文选择语义];
at length 最终,详细地,噜嗦地[同上];
at heart 在内心里,实际上[同上]
Away 的搭配用法及其分类理解
一、副词 away 和不少动词连用表示多种多样的“离开”举例。若后接 from…,则表示“离开…”之意
back away a step 往后退一步;
back the boat away from the pier 驾船倒退驶离码头;
be… away(教室)离这里(50米),(她的生日)离现在(一个月);
be… away 他离 开(或缺席);
break away (小偷即 the thief) 挣脱逃走,破除或不遵守陈规戒律(后加 from the old rules),脱离该俱乐部(后加 from the club);
come away(轮子即 the wheel)脱落; come (或 go) away(她)同(小孩)一起离开;
drive away(他)开车离开;
get away 离开,脱身,休假,get (v.) away…(她)摆脱(某人),回避(事实),使(她的小孩)离开(俱乐部);
get away with…(他)同(妻子)外出,(小偷)携带(珠宝等)逃走,(他)受到(警告即 warning);
keep (v.) away from… 不靠近(火),不抽烟(后加 smoking),让(孩子)离开或不靠近(江河);
make away (或 off)(孩子)急忙地跑掉;
pass away(某人)离世或去世,(20年)过去;
pull away (某人)领先或离开,不断地划船[常用进行时];
ride away (或 off) 乘车(或骑车,骑马)离开;
run away (或 off) 跑掉,逃离,逃离家(后加 from home);
shoot away (或off)(小孩、兔子等)急速离开[英语用shoot(射击)表示离开动作之快];
walk away (或 off) 步行,走开,轻易或不费劲地获奖(后加 with the prize. 转义用法)等
二、away 与有关动词搭配表示“不出席、避开、不靠近、拉开距离”时用法举例
be away last week with flu(她)上周因流感缺席(或未出席)[过去一般时];
move (或 draw) away from sb.(他)拉开和(某人)的距离;
keep (或 remain) away from the meeting(她)没有出席会议;
keep away from such a drink 避开这样一种饮料;
sit (或 stand) away from her 坐(或站)得离她远一点;
stay away from school (或 the meeting)(她)缺课或未出席(会议)等
三、away 和有关动词搭配表示“消散、衰退、渐弱、渐息、消瘦”等 时的用法举例
clear (v.) away(云即 the clouds)消散,(怀疑即 the doubt)消失,(警察)驱散(群众);
die away(风、声)渐息,(旧的风俗习慣即 the old customs)衰退;
fall away(她的脸)消瘦,(风)减弱,(标准即 the standard)降低,(数量)减少;
I take…(药)使(疼痛即 the pain)消失;
go (或 pass) away (或 off)(疼痛)消失,(雨)停止;
waste away(某人)在消瘦[进行时],(她的体力即 her strength)渐弱;
wear (v.) away(她)消瘦,(雨)磨损(岩石即 rocks)等
四、away 与有关动词搭配中表示“…掉、…去、…走”等含义时用法举例
argue away…(他不能)辩解掉(这些事实即 the facts);
blow (v.) away(我的帽子)吹跑了[过去时,也可用被动态],(这个运动即 the movement)扫除掉(陈腐的东西即 the cobwebs)[常用于转意:出去散步透透空气];
bring away… (= come away with…)(他)带走或带回(一个很好的想法即 a good idea);
break away… 折断或折掉(树枝即 the branches);
burn away (一瓶油即 a bottle of oil) 烧掉了[过去时或完成时];
be called away (他)被叫走;
call away…(闹声即 the noise)转移(她的注意即 her attention);
carry away… 带走(书),搬走(桌子),(洪水即 the flood)冲走(许多房子);
cast (或 throw, fling)… 扔掉或丢掉(旧书);
clear away… 清除掉(垃圾即 the rubbish),排除掉(困难),收拾走(书、报等);
come away (轮子即 the wheel) 脱落,她会后离开(后加 after the meeting);
cut away… 切除掉(肿瘤即 the tumour),砍掉(树等);
eat away 腐蚀掉(一些金属即 some metals),(老鼠)啃坏(桌子等);
get… away(我)将( 画)拿掉,(她)将(小孩)带走;
give away…(他)失掉(机会),(他)泄露(秘密即 the secret),(我)赠送(新书),(她)颁发(奖即 the prizes)[均由“把…给掉”引申过来];
improve away…(他)通过改进来去掉(缺点即 his short coming);
pay away…(我)付掉(我一半的收入即 half my income);
send away… 把(货物)发走,将(这男人)打发走;
sweep away(灰尘即 the dirt),(强风)将(云即 the clouds)驱走;
talk away(他们)通过谈话消除掉(恐惧即 the fear),(我们)谈话花掉(两小时);
tear away… 撕掉(包装用纸即 the wrapping paper),拽走(某人);
wash (v.) away(道路即 the road)冲毁掉了[过去时],(这不能)洗掉(他的错误);
wipe away…(雨)擦掉(足迹即 the footprints),(她)擦去(汗水即 her sweat)等
五、用“有关动词+ away +表示时间、金钱等名词”表示“通过有关动作浪费时间、金钱”等含义时的用法举例
cast (或throw) away… 浪费(时间、钱等);
drink away… 喝酒消磨(时间);
laugh away… 以说笑消磨(两个小时);
pass (v.) away…(他)消磨(许多时间),(这30年)过去了[完成时],(她)去世[过去时];
play away…(他们)玩掉(整个上午),赌掉或输掉(许多钱);
wear away…(他们)在辩论中花费(许多时间)[后加 in the arguing]等
六、away 和有关动词搭配表示“收拾、存放、收藏、隔离”等时的用法举例。这时 away 的含义由“离开或向另一边→在别处→在适当地方”引申过来
clear (v.) away (或 off)(我)收拾(菜盘即 the plates),(母亲)饭后收拾(后加 after dinner);
lay away… 把(书)放在一边,存(钱等),为顾客存留(货物)[后加 for the customer];
be laid away 被埋葬在那边(后加 there),lock away 把(钱)锁起来,将(私密)藏在心中(后加 in the heart),将(某人)关押或送入精神病医院(结合上下文翻译);
put away… 贮存(水果等),存放(钱等),收拾(玩具即 the toys),收拾(某人)[指将某人关起来或送往精神病医院等];
take away… 收拾(盘碟即 the dishes);
shut away… 将(好书)珍藏起来,将(某人)禁闭、关押或隔离等
七、away 作“向另一方向”或“向另一边”讲时与有关动词连用举例
face away from…(她)将脸转过去避开(我),(这个花园即 the garden)一侧有(一条河)[意译];
look away from me to the girl(他)视线从我身上转移到那个女孩身上;
turn (v.) away(他)把(汽车)转向一侧,(她)往侧面转身;
(他们)使(讨论即 the discussion)离(题即 the topic)[后加 from the topic]等
八、away 在和有关动词搭配表示“不断地、不停地”时的用法举例
bargain (v.) away for…(她们)不断地讨价还价(10分钟即 ten minutes),(她)以(词典)换取(书);
boil away(水)一直开了(三分钟)[用进行时],(水)煮干了[完成时];
burn (v.) away(火)在不停地烧[进行时],(火)烧了(一小时)[过去一般时],(太阳)把(皮肤即 the skin)烧坏;
drink away(他们)不停地喝酒[进行时],(他)喝酒消(愁即 his sorrow),(他)把(财产即 his fortune)喝光;
drive away at one’s work 孜孜不倦地工作;
eat (v.) away (海水)不断地侵蚀着(礁石即 rocks)[进行时],(这小孩在这里)不停地吃;
fire (或 shoot)(他们)在不断地射击[进行时];
laugh (v.) away(她)不断地在笑[进行时],(他)借笑驱走(恐惧即 his fears);
pull away(他们)不停地划船离开,(汽车)离开停车场(后加from parking place);
work away(她)一个劲地干下去,(他的嘴即 his mouth)不停地抽动;
write away(他)整个下午一直在不停地写[现在完成进行时]等
注意“同一个动词 + away with…”结构,由于上下文不同其含义各异:
a. We did away with the old laws. 我们废除了这些旧的法律。
b. The criminal did away with a child. 这罪犯杀害了一个小孩。
c. She did away with herself by taking poison. 她服毒自杀。
a. She went away with her mother. 她跟她的母亲一起走了。
b. The young man went away with the funds. 这个男青年偷窃基金逃走。
c. The young man went away with her daughter. 这个男青年带走了她的女儿。(含“私奔或拐走”之意。)
d. We all went away with something to think over. 我们带着要仔细考虎的事离开了。
e. Don't go away with the idea that you won't be criticized for your mistake. 不要以为你犯了错误不会受到批评。
Back 的搭配及其引申用法的理解
Back 主要作副词用,但还可兼名词、形容词和动词。这里仅讨论其副词的丰富多彩用法。
一、副词 back 与有关动词搭配,表示“向后面、往后退或往回退、在后面”含义时的用法举例
call (v.) back(在对方打来电话以后我)回电话;
bear back so that the car may pass. 往后挤,让这辆汽车通过。come back(她)回来,(短裙子即 short skins)重新流行;
drive (v.) back 驾车回去,(他)开车把(某人)送回去;
drop (或 fall) back(价格)回落;
fall back(人群即 the crowd)后退,(敌人)退却,(我)往后摔倒;
draw (或 pull) back (人群)往后撤,(他)背弃协议 (后加 from the agreement. 由“退离…”引申过来);
get back (或 Stay back)! 后退(或呆在后面)!get back into bed 回去睡觉;
get back to…(他)重返(故乡即 his hometown),(她)再次找(你)谈谈(尤指通电话);
go back(你)回去,(你们)后退两米(后加 two meters);
go back from…(他)背弃(合同即 the contract 或朋友);
go back to… 回到(上海或那个话题即 the topic)(他)回到(他的妈妈)身边;
He was back at nine o’clock. 他九点回来的。How far is it to Tianjin and back? 去天津来回有多远? The boy is back in his work. 这男孩学业落在后面。keep back! 别往前走!look back 往后看;
move (v.) back 往后退,(他)将(他的部下即 his men)调回来;
put back(船)返航进入港口(后加 into the port)或回到岸边(后加 to the shore);
ride back 骑马、骑车或乘车回去;
run back 跑回来,开车回来;
We won't stand (或 sit) back if you punish your brother. 如果你惩罚你的兄弟,我们不会坐视不管。
The information center stands (或 sits) back the road. 信息中心的位置离马路有一段距离。step (或 stand) back 后退或往后站;
turn back(她)回来,翻到(第六页)(后加 to page six);
walk back 步行或(走)回来等
二、副词 back 和有关动词搭配,表示“叫回、带回、送回、放回、收回、调回、搬回、退回、取回、交回(或交还)、撤回、回请”等含义时的用法举例
ask (或 have) sb. back 回请某人;
call sb. back 把某人叫回来,10分钟后再给某人打电话(后加 in ten minutes),收回(错误的想法即 the wrong idea);
bring… back 将(这些光盘即 VCDs)带回来;
bring sb. back a cup of tea 给某人带一杯茶来;
draw… back 拉回或拉开(窗帘即 the curtain),(他)缩回(脚即 his foot);
bed riven back(敌人)被迫后退;
feed (v.) back to… 将(信息即 the information)反馈给(公司),(无信息即 no information)反馈给(公司);
fling (或 throw) sb. back the ball 把球扔回给某人;
fling (或 throw) back one’s head 猛然或很快回首;
get (或 have) the money back 收回或取回这笔钱;
get (或 give, hand)… back to sb. 将(钥匙即 the key)交还给某人;
lay the baby back on the bed 将婴儿送回到床上;
move (v.) back 调回(坦克即 the tanks),搬回(桌子);
pull… back 将(钟即 the clock)往回拨一小时(后加 one hour),撤回(兵力即 one’s forces),从火焰中拉回或拉出(几个女孩即 a few girls)(后加 from the flames);
pay the money back to sb. 将钱付还给某人;
put… back 将(书)放回原处(后加 where they were),将(表)往回拨2小时(后加 two hours);
pass (或 play) the ball back to sb. 将球传回给某人;
place… back 将(戒指即 the ring)放回到(匣子)中(后加 in the box);
report… back to sb. 向某人汇报(调查结果即 the fin dings);
send… back 将(信件)退回,(也可用 pass the letter back),将(小孩)送回到(他的母亲)(后加 to his mother);
(卫星即 the satellite)将(照片即 the pictures)发送回来;
set… back 将(桌子)往后摆一点(后加 a little),将(表)往回拨(或拨慢)一小时;
take… back 接回(女孩),收回(房子)(因未按期付款),将(书)还给图书馆(后加 to the library);
welcome sb. back to… 欢迎某人再来(北京);
write back 写回信,写回信给某人(后加 to sb.)等
三、副词 back 本意不变,跟 有关动词搭配时表示“回击、击退、回嘴(或顶嘴)、回敬、报复”之意
answer (或 talk) sb. back 对某人顶嘴或回嘴;
beat back… 击退(敌人即 the enemies),(火焰即 the flames)使(消防人员即 the firemen)往后退;
fight back against the enemy 回击敌人;
hit (或 strike) sb. back 回击或反击某人;
get back at sb. 向某人报复;
throw back the enemy 很快击退敌人;
pay the enemies back for their trick(我们)回惩敌人的阴谋诡计;
pay sb. back for his help 报答某人的帮忙;
give (或 pay) back the enemies blow for blow(我们)对敌人以牙还牙(由“以打击对付打击回敬或报复敌人”引申过来)等
四、副词 back 与有关动词搭配,表示“追溯到、回忆起、回想起…”含义时的用法举例
bring back …to sb’s mind(这)使某人回忆起(童年时代即 the childhood)(由“把…带回到脑海中”引申过来);
cannot call her face back 不能回想起她的容貌(由“不能将…呼唤回来”引申过来);
carry sb. back to his(或 her)youth(这本书)使某人回忆起青年时代(由“将某人带到青年时代”引申过来);
Let’s throw (或 cast) our thoughts (或 minds) back to the last meeting. 让我们回忆最后一次会见。(意译);
Their names came back to her soon. 她很快回想起他们的名字。
It came back to me when she taught us English. 我回忆起何时她教我们英语。
go back to one’s younger days 追溯或回忆年轻时代;
Those photographs took her back to her childhood. 那些照片使她回忆起她的童年。
look back on (或 upon) one’s youth 回忆青年时代等
五、副词 back 与有关动词搭配,由其本意“往回”引申为“回原处或回原状”时的用法举例。这时动词短语常有“恢复、重新、再……”含义
The doctor brought (或 put, pulled) her back to health. 医生使她恢复了健康。(由“重新把我带、拉到健康状态”引申过来。)
check back tomorrow about this matter 明天再联系这件事;
get (或 call) sb.’s strength back(这药即 this medicine)恢复了某人的体力[过去时];
come back into fashion(那种服装款式即 that style of dress)重新流行起来[现在完成时];
give sb. his (或her) good spirits back(假日旅行即 the holiday travel)恢复某人的良好情绪;
go back to…(小孩)重返家中[后接 the family];
He can put back all the weight he lost in the past two months. 他能恢复最近两个月减去的体重。
Put (或 Bring, Take, Get) the letter back where you found it after you read it. 看完信后请将信重新放回(或带回、拿回、退回)到你先前发现信的地方。
六、副词 back 与有关动词搭配,表示“耽误、推迟、抑制、忍住、阻拦、隐瞒、紧缩、减少”含义时用法举例
bite back the complaints on the tip of the tongue(她)把到嘴边的怨言咽了下去;
cut back… 将(电线即 the wire)剪短,将(支出即 the expenses)削减(转译);
fight back 忍住(笑即 one’s laughter),抑制(做某事的欲望即 the desire to do sth.);
keep (或 hold) back… 抑制(怒火即 one’s anger),(警察即 the policemen)阻拦(人群即 the crowd),(河堤即 the banks of the river)阻挡(洪水即 the flood),(雨)耽误(我们),(她)对我隐瞒(这些事实)(后加 fromus. 由“使这些事实与我们保持隔开”引申过来);
pull back on one’s spending 紧缩(开支)(由“将…往回拉→紧缩”演变过来);
put back…(战争)使(经济增长即 the economic growth)耽误30年[用过去时。后接 by 30 years]等
Be 的 九种基本用法和判别
一、be 的基本用法
I. “be + 状语”表示地点,可用副词或介词短语表示。
Their credit cards are here. 他们的信用卡在这里。
The samples are on the working table. 样品在工作台上。
II. “be + 名词、形容词或介词短语等”作表语。
The information-base industry is useful. 信息密集产业是有用的。
Our victory is a great victory. 我们的胜利是伟大的胜利。
Information technology is of special importance. 信息技术特别重要。
III. “be + 过去分词”一般系被动语态。
Work is done when an object is lifted. 当举起一个物体时就做了功。
The elevated highway was built in 1998. 这条高架公路建于1998年。
This book will be translated by Jenny and Linda. 这本书将由詹妮和琳达来翻译。
The five-year plan has been worked out. 五年计划已经制定。
Place the level to be adjusted on a plate. 将那个要(被)调整的水平仪放在一块板上。(后置定语)
Ⅳ. "be + -ing" 一般表示正在进行时态。
They are designing a supermicro computer. 他们正在设计一台超微型电脑。
This kind of washer was being designed by the senior engineers. 当时这种洗衣机正由那些高级工程师在设计。
注:要用逻辑判别方法把 -ing(动名词) 作表语的情况与本句型区分开。例如:Our task is building a new TV tower. 我们的任务是建立一个新的电视塔。(由于主语 task 产生不了“正在建设”这个行为,故从逻辑上就可判定谓语不能构成进行时态。)
Ⅴ. “be + 动词不定式”一般用来表示计划、安排或约定将要实行的行为。
The method is to be described in detail. 这种方法将予以详细说明。
The main building is to be ten stories high. 那座主楼将有十层楼高。
He is to leave at eight o’clock this evening. 他要在今晚八点钟离开。
We met for the last time in 1977. We were not to meet again forthree years. 我们最后一次见面是在1977年,以后三年没再见面。(句中 be 用过去时表示时,则表示过去将来时含义。)
注1:有时 "is (或 are) to be + 过去分词" 这种结构含有 can be, must be 的意思。
1) This compound is rarely to be found in nature. (= This compound can rarely be found in nature.) 这种化合物在自然界很少能被发现。
2) These rules of the roads are to be strictly observed. (= These rules of the roads must be strictly observed.) 这些交通规则必须严格遵守。
注2:"is (或 are) not to be + 过去分词" 含有禁止、不许可之意。例如:
1) The magazines are not to be taken out of the reading-room. 杂志不准携出阅览室外。
2) This chemical is not be exposed to air. 这种化学制品不可暴露于空气之外。
注3:注意用逻辑判别方法把上述用法和 be 后的不定式作表语区分开。
1) To live is to struggle. 生活就是斗争。
2) The main aim is to get good results. 主要目的在于取得良好结果。
由于上述两句中的主语都不能产生 be 后面的不定式所表示的动作,故后面的不定式只能作表语。
Ⅵ. “be + going + 动词不定式”
A. 表示在最近期内“打算、准备做……”之意:
We are going to repair the beeper this afternoon. 我们打算今天下午修理那个寻呼机。
There is going to be a video conference tomorrow. 明天准备召开一次电视会议。
B. 表示“即将或马上就要进行某种动作”之意:
The train is going to stop now. 火车马上就要停下来。
It is going to rain. 天就要下雨。
注:如果要表示即将进行某个动作,还可用 "is about to + 原形动词"(就要或即将…)或 "is on the point of"(马上就…)。例如:
They are about to repair that camcorder. 他们马上就修理那台摄像放像机。
They are on the point of repairing the mobile phone. 他们马上就修理那个移动电话。
Ⅶ. “be + certain (或 likely, unlikely 等) + 不定式”:
In the end he is certain to succeed. 最后他必定成功。
She is likely to start Shanghai. 她似乎要动身去上海。
This reaction is unlikely to take place. 这个反应未必发生。
The temperature in either case is sure to rise by 20℃. 这两种情况下温度无疑都会上升20℃。
Ⅶ. be 作 "exist"(存在)讲:
Such things are. 这些情况是存在的。
Ⅸ. be(动词原形)用于让步状语从句:
Be it late, I must finish this work. 尽管晚了,但我仍须结束这项工作。
All magnets behave the same,be they (或 whether they may be) large or small. 所有磁体,不论大小,其性质都相同。
If there were no friction, then nothing - be it a huge slab of stone or a tiny grain of sand - would have its stable position. 要是没有摩擦力,那末就没有一样东西——不管它是一块大石板还是一粒细砂子——会具有稳定的位置。
二、be 用法的判别
be 的用法很多,要判断它在句中的作用,首先要注意一下后面跟着的是什么词,其次套用上述九种基本句型,然后再用“是否合乎逻辑“来最后确定它的语法功用和含义(见本节一、Ⅴ和Ⅵ中注的例子)。
Because, Because of, Due to, Owing to, Thanks to 和 For 表示原因用法比较
一、连词 because 作“因为”、“由于”讲,一般连接原因状语从句,偶尔引出表语从句
He didn't go to school, because he was ill. 他因为有病没去上学。(原因状语从句,从句前可不打逗号)
a. This is because she studies hard. 这是由于她学习努力 。(表语从句)
b. The reason why we were late was that the school bus broke down. 我们迟到的原因是校车抛锚了。(that 不能用 because 代替,否则 reason 和 because 在含义上有点重复。)
有时主句为否定句,却否定原因状语从句。注意上下文和读时有无停顿。例如:
A mountain is not valuable because it is high, but because it has trees. 山并不因为高而有价值,而是因为它有树林才有价值。
有时上述句型有两种解释,要靠上下文和中间有无停顿来决定. 例如:
He did not go because he was afraid.
(a) 他因为害怕才没有去。(读时 because 前稍有停顿。)
(b) 他并不因为害怕才去的。(读时中间无停顿。)
It is because computer science is very useful that we study it hard. 正因为计算机科学很有用,我们才努力学习。(强调原因从句。)
二、because of 作“由于”讲,但后面只能接宾语
The traffic was held up because of the accident. 由于出事故交通受到阻塞。
I went back to the factory not because of the rain, but because I had a lot of work to do. 我不是由于下雨才回到工厂去,而是因为我有许多工作要做。
注:because of… 一般不能作表语用,应改用 due to… 或 owing to…(注意后者有时作“(这钱)是欠…的”讲)。due to… 或 owing to… 均可作原因状语,而原因状语 thanks to… 作“多亏…”讲,通常用于好的方面。
三、用 because 和 for 连接句子时的句义差别
The ground is wet because it rained last night. 因为昨天下了雨,所以地很湿。(原因状语从句)
Surely it rained last night, for the ground is wet. 准是昨天下了雨,因为现在地很湿。(这里连词 for 并不引出原因从句,因为地湿不是下雨的真正原因。because 连接原因从句,原因意味强,而 for 连接一个并列分句 ,只是对前面分句说明而已。)
四、介词 for 表示原因常取决于搭配的动词、形容词等的要求,为此必须注意上下文
thank sb. for his help 感谢某人帮助;
praise sb. for sth. 由于某事表扬某人;
feel great regret for sth. 由于某事深感遗憾;
punish sb. for sth. 由于某事惩罚某人;
be famous (或 well-known 等) for …以…著称(或出名);
a ticket for speeding 一张超速罚款单等
Before 用法和几个在意义上不要混淆的问题
一、before 的基本用法
I. before 作介词用,表示时间、位置“在……前”之意
We plan to finish the adjustment of the equipment before Sunday. 我们计划在星期日以前完成设备的调试工作。
The workers were discussing the problems before the fire.(当时)工人们正在炉前讨论问题。
The problem came before the Committee. 该问题提到委员会上来了。(原文直译是:该问题摆在委员会面前了。)
II. 连接词 before 引出一时间从句,表示时间“在……以前”
They will look into the matter before they arrive at the conclusion. 他们在作出结论之前将对这件事进行调查研究。
注:由 before 引导的时间从句不用将来时态。上句谓语真实时间取决于主句的谓语时间,即“作出结论”显然是在“调查研究”之后,故是将来时间。
I had read the warning before I took the medicine. 我在服药前就已经看了这个注意事项。
注:上句中主句用过去完成时是因为它的谓语动作是在时间状语从句内过去时谓语 began 所表示的动作之前发生的,构成了“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。但考虑到 before 本身词义已把主句和从句的谓语动作先后分清了,有时可以用过去时代替过去完成时。例如:I started off for work before she came. 她来以前我已上班去 了。
III. 由 before 引出一种特殊的“定语从句”
It happened in the year before the city was liberated. 这是在这一城市解放前一年发生的。
They did not reach Tianjin until May 2, the day before the meeting was to be held. 他们到 5 月 2 日,也即会议召开前一天才到达天津。
Ⅳ. before 的转译用法:在本情况下主句、从句各有情态动词 must, can 等。翻译时将原文主句译成条件从句,前加“只有”,而从句译成主句。例如:
We must study hard before we can effectively serve the people. 只有(我们)努力学习,我们才能有效地为人民服务。
A great effort must still be made before the ideals can be turned into reality. 只有经过巨大努力,理想才能变为现实。
Ⅴ. before 作副词用,表示时间上的“以前”、“从前”之意,与其搭配的动词或动词的相应形式(见例句 3)多半用完成式
He has never seen such network newspapers before. 他从前没见过这样一些网络报。
He forgot telling (或 having told) me about it before. 他忘记他以前告诉过我这件事。
In ever mentioned his past before. 当时我从未提起他的过去。
二、注意几个在意义上不要混淆的问題
I. before 和 ago 含义不同。
We took the exam two days ago. 两天以前我们参加了考试。(以现在时为基准的“两天以前”)。
Last week he said (that) they took an exam in Chemistry two days before. 上周他说他们在两天前参加了化学考试。(以上周他说话时间为基准的“两天以前”。)
II. before long(不久以后)和 long before(很久以前)含义不同。
I hope to buy a palm computer before long. 我希望不久(以后)购买一个掌上电脑。
Before long, our plan succeeded. 不久我们的计划成功了。
注:注意其中 long before 还可连接一个从句。例如:
1) We see a plane flying over long before we hear its sound. 在听到飞机声以前,我们早就看见飞机飞过来。 2) It will not be long before we visit Shanghai High-Tech Park. 我们不久将访问上海高科技园区。(before 连接的时间从句仍保留不用将来时态。)
III. before, by, until (或 till) 表示时间各异(见第 37 节、三)。
Behind 的用法及其常用短语
一、介词 behind 具有“在…后面”、“在…背后”之意,常用其引申的译法
The sun is now behind the clouds. 现在太阳正躲在云层后面。
We have strong support behind us. 我们有强大的后盾。(引申译法)
There is something behind his idea. 他的想法言外有意。(引申译法)
A cat came out from behind the door. 有一只猫从门背后出来。(注意 behind 短语作 from 的介词宾语。)
What is behind rising joblessness? 日益增长的失业原因是什么?(由“……失业的背后是什么”引申过来。)
二、介词 behind… 作“误点、过时、成为过去、落后于某人、比…差”等讲
The train is five minutes behind time (或 schedule ). 火车误点五分钟。
These ideas are behind the times. 这些想法过时了。(由“落在时代后面”引申过来。)
Her poor life lies behind her. 她的贫困生活已经过去。
His acting best days are behind him. 他的演艺盛期已经过去。
I put his past behind me. 我把他的过去忘掉了。
She is behind the others in math. 她的数学比别人差。
They fell behind you in computer science. 他们在计算机科学领域中落在你们后面。
三、副词 behind 有“在后”、“较迟”、“落后”含义
He was a long way behind. 他拉下一长段路了。(表语)
The clock runs behind. 钟走慢了。(状语)
She fell (或 dropped) behind. 她落在后面了。(也可说:She fell [或 dropped ] back.)
He came five minutes behind. 他迟来五分钟。(状语,还可用 late 代替句中 behind。)
Take care not to leave anything behind. 注意别留下东西。(固定短语)
四、behind 作介词或副词时的其它常用短语
sit (或 stand ) behind 坐(或站)在后面;say sth. behind sb. ’s (或 sb.’ s back ) 在某人背后说些什么;beheld behind the scenes(会议)是秘密(或幕后)举行的;operate (或 sit) behind the scenes 在幕后操纵;be behind sb.(我)比某人落后[静态];lag (或 trail) behind sb. 落在某人后面[动态];get behind… 落在(某人)后面,支持(某决议等)[系由“转到某决议的后面”引申过来],洞察(该事故即 the accident)的内情;go behind… 探讨(某人演讲、计划等)含义(由“走到…后面琢磨其意”引申过来);hang behind 落后,别人离开后仍留在后面(由原意“挂在后面”引申过来);be kept behind(这小孩)放学后被留下[后加 after school];be behind in sth.(我)在某方面落后;remain behind 或 stay behind 在别人走后仍留下来;stop behind to do sth.(在会后或讲座后)留下来做某事(如提问等);wait behind to do sth. 等别人走后留下来做某事:run behind(狗)跟在后面奔跑,(这块表)走慢等
Being 的用法和注意点
一、现在分词 being 的用法
I. “be 的现在时或过去时形式 + being + 过去分词”用于现在进行时被动态或过去进行时被动态中。注意英语不用将来进行时被动态,也不用各种完成进行时的被动态。
Inside the sun, matter is being changed to energy. 物质在太阳中不断地变为能量。
When we came into the factory,that multi media computer was being repaired by an engineer. 当我们进入工厂时,那台多媒体计算机正由一位工程师在修理。
II. being… 用于作 定语,一般和过去分词连用,放在被说明名词后,表示进行时被动意义。
The instrument being repaired is a new type of measuring instrument. 正在被修理的这台仪器是一台新型的测量仪。
The house being built will be our new laboratory. 正在盖的那所房子将是我们的新实验室。
注意:上述两句中作后置定语的“being + 过去分词”结构有时还可相应地用 under repair 和 under construction 代替。又如 the problems being studied (或 investigated, discussed, considered 等) 就可改用 the problems under study (或 investigation, discussion, consideration 等) 来代替,并可分别译为“所研究的(或被调查的,所讨论的,被考虑的)这些问题等”。
III. being 用于状语,一般有逗号,翻译时常加表示状语的词汇,如 “由于…”、“…时”、“作为…”等。
Being very small, atoms cannot be seen by ordinary methods. 由于原子太小,用普通方法就不能见到原子。
(Being) Cooled in the air, this kind of steel becomes harder and harder. 这种钢在空气中冷却时,就变得越来越硬。
Being students of engineering, we need to know how to use modern computers. 我们作为工科学生,就需要懂得如何使用现代化的计算机。(句中 Being 还可用 As 代替。)
Scientists working with the ocean are now wondering whether the ocean can go on being the wastebasket for these unsafe remains. 从事海洋研究的科学家现在都想知道海洋是否还能继续成为容纳这些危险的残余物质的废纸篓。(本句中 being 则是 go on 后面要求使用 -ing 的固定用法。)
Ⅳ. being 用于独立分词结构,具有含蓄地表示各种状语的意味。(联系第 54 节有关广义的带有 -ing 的独立分词结构。)
The temperature being below 0℃, water turns into ice. 当温度低于 0℃ 时水就变为冰。(时间状语)
That being the case, we will have to make some alternations in the plan. 情况既然这样,我们就得把计划作一些更改。(原因状语)
Washing machines are built in various types, their functions being the same. 洗衣机可制成各种型式,虽然其功能相同。(让步状语)
The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit is low. 如果电阻很大,则电路内电流就小。(条件状语)
There are a large number of different shapes of machine tools, each being made for some particular kind of work. 各种机床的形状大不相同,每一种都是为特殊的一类加工而制作的。(伴随情况)
Ⅴ. being 用于介词后的复合宾语结构即“介词 + 名词或代词 + being +… ”中。这里 being 为现在分词。 (联系第 54 节、四、ⅩⅣ-B。)
The pressure of a gas varies inversely as its volume, with the temperature being constant. 在温度不变条件下,气体压强和体积成反比。
They insisted upon (或 on) their device being tested under the operating conditions. 他们坚持他们的装置要在运转条件下进行试验。
We are pleased at them being successful. 我们为他们成功而感到高兴。(若用 their 代替 them,则后面 being 为动名词。)
a. The current produced is the result of chemical energy being changed to electric energy. 所产生的电流是化学能变为电能的结果。
b. Coal, petroleum, and electricity are all the sources of heat now being used. 煤、石油和电都是当前使用的热源。(与 a 句中相应结构相似,但本句中 being 短语为后置定语,而 a 句中 being 和前面名词 chemical energy 却构成复合结构。必须根据上下文进行逻辑判断。)
二、动名词 being 短语在句中顶一个名词用,可作介词宾语、动词宾语或主语用
Water has the property of dissolving sugar, sugar (has) the property of being dissolved by water. 水具有溶解糖的特性,糖则具有被水溶解的特性。(介词宾语)
The race result is far from being satisfactory. 赛跑结果远非令人满意。(介词宾语)
She does not like being treated unequally. 她不愿受到不平等的待遇。(动词宾语)
Not being able to speak English made her feel strange. 当时不会讲英语使她感到很不自在。(主语)
The basement smelled damp after being closed for such along time. 地下室关闭这么长时间,闻起来有潮湿气味。(介词宾语)
三、“be + being + 表语”用于表示一时的表现
He is not being modest today. 他今天表现不太谦虚。
They are being friendly. 他们这样做是为了表示友好。(意译)
He is being a good boy today. 他今天可是个好孩子。
四、“there being… ”结构的用法。参阅第105节三、四
Below 的用法
一、介词 below 表示方位、数值等“在……下面”、“低于……”之意
The sun sinks (或 disappears, goes) below the horizon. 太阳沉落(或消失)在地平线下。
Once the yield was below the average. 产量一度低于平均值。
It is four degrees below zero now. 现在零下四度。
The pressure causes the ice to melt at a temperature slightly below 0℃. 加压能使冰在微低于 0℃ 的温度下融化。
This is below consideration. 这是不值得考虑的。
Most of the energy we use come from below the ground in the form of coal, oil and gas. 我们使用的大部分能量系以煤、石油和煤气形式出现,都来自地下。(介词短语 below the ground 作介词 from 的宾语。)
a. Sign your name below the line. 请在横线下方签名。
b. The temperature fell (或 dropped) below zero. 温度降到零度以下。
You are below her in computer programming. 你的计算机程序设计不如她。
A major is below a general. 少校低于将军。
There is water about two meters below the surface. 地面下约两米有水。
She lives in the flat below ours. 她住在我们下面的那套单元房子里。(并不是指她住在我们住的单元房子的垂直下方。)
注:注意 below 在方位上仅表示位置低于所提及的事物,而 under 则表示处于垂直线的下面。例如:
1) The river below the bridge is ten meters deep. 桥下这条河有 10 米深。
2) The river under the bridge is ten meters deep. 桥下的河(指桥身正下方的河水)有 10 米深。
二、副词 below 作“在下”讲,注意可做状语、后置定语和宾语用
The working conditions of this device are given below. 这种装置的操作条件如下所述。(副词作状语。)
Most uses of multimedia computers will be dealt with below. 多媒体计算机的大多数用途将在下面予以讨论。(副词作状语。)
When a beaker of water is heated from below the water at the bottom becomes less dense (assuming it is above 4℃) and rises. 当从下面对一烧杯的水加热时,烧杯底部的水,其密度较小(假定在 4℃ 以上),就往上升。(below 副词作介词 from 的宾语。)
See the notes below. 参阅下面注释。(副词作定语。)
See below. 见下文。
三、below 和 beneath, under 用法比较(见下一个专题)
Beneath 和 Under, Below 用法比较
在日常用语中 under 比 beneath 用得广泛。beneath 只是在文学作品中使用比喻时出现较多。
一、介词 beneath 表示“在…之下(或下方)、在紧靠…底下或在…脚边”
live (或 work) beneath (或 under) the same roof 在同一屋顶下居住(或工作);
we are shin beneath the coat 将衬衣穿在外衣里面;
be beneath…(学校)在山脚下(后接 the hill),(地窖即 the cellar)在(厨房)下方;
put some straw beneath (或 under) the mat. 将一些稻 草铺在席子下面等。
二、介词 beneath 在一定上下文中用于表示“在…掩盖、压力或影响下”的含义
Beneath this surface calm are unresolved conflicts. 这种表面平静背后隐藏着悬而未决的冲突。
My flowers wilted beneath the dry spell. 我的花在干旱影响下凋谢了。
The tall tree was beginning to sag beneath the weight of its heavy branches. 这棵高大的树在树枝重压下开始下弯了。
The girl found her stolen watch beneath (或 underneath) the mat. 这女孩在草席底下发现了她被偷的手表。(注意用 under neath 时突出“掩盖、遮盖、暗藏”的意思。这里手表和草席接触。)
Those insects hid beneath (或 underneath) the leaves。那些虫子躲在树叶底下。(同上)
注 1:如果将上述第 4、5 句分别改为 "under the bed" 和 "under the leaves",则“表”和“虫子”各自跟“床”或“树叶”不接触。但 under 却可表示穿在同一人身上的几件衣服的里外层次。例如:He is wearing a shirt under his jacket. 他在夹克衫里面穿着一件衬衫。
注 2:under 和 below 用法比较可参阅 Below 的用法、一 的注。
三、介词 beneath 表示某人地位、级别、学识等低于…时用法举例(常可用 below 代替,还显得通俗些)
I am beneath Jenny and Linda in every way. 我各方面都比詹妮和琳达低。(可用 below 代替)。
Before 1960 he was beneath an American citizen socially. 1960 年以前他的社会地位低于美国公民。(同上)
She would like to make friends with anyone beneath her. 她愿意跟地位比她低的人交朋友。(同上)
Beside 和 Besides的用法及注意事项
一、介词 beside 作“在…旁边”讲;可引申为“比起来”、“和…无关”等。
Many automobiles are running on the road beside the river. 许多汽车在河旁的路上奔驰。
We stand (或 sit, lie) beside. 我们站(或坐、躺)在某人身旁。
Beside this beeper that one is seen to be much better. 和这个传呼机相比,就可看出那个寻呼机好得多。
She is beside herself with excitement (或 joy, grief, anger). 她极度激动(或高兴、痛苦、生气)。[由“她由于激动…等身不由己(因身旁已是身外→她失去对自己感情的控制)”引申过来。]
Their discussion is beside the question. 他们的讨论离题了。(直译是“…与该问题无关”。)
二、介词 besides 作“除…以外,还”讲(同时参阅第 42 节)
Besides the electrons, an atom also contains positive electrical particles. 除了电子以外,原子还含有带正电的粒子。
This morning he had nothing to do besides answering letters. 今天上午他除了写信外,没事可做。(answering letters 为动名词短语,作介词宾语。)
Besides knowing much about music, she sings very well. 除了懂音乐以外,她还唱得很好。
Besides that he drove the car, he repaired it on the way to Beijing. 他不仅驾驶了这辆车,而且在赴京途中还对它进行了修理。(介词 besides 后由连词 that 引出介词宾语从句。)
三、副词 besides 作“此外”、“加之”、“况且”等讲
The second-hand car he bought was almost new; besides, it was in excellent condition. 他买的那辆二手车几乎是新的,而且运行状况极佳。
Besides, the diseases brought by those people had reached epidemic proportions. 此外,当时那些人带来的疾病已达到流行病程度。
四、几个注意点
I. beside 一般只作介词用,而 besides 可作介词或副词用。两词虽相差一个 s,但须注意词义差别大。详见上述第一~三项。
II. 介词 besides 和 except 在汉语里都译为“除……以外”,但含义有差别。
All went to Beijing last year except Joe. 除了乔以外,去年谁都去过北京了。(意指“乔没去北京”。)
All of them went to Beijing last year besides Joe. 除了乔以外,去年他们也都去过北京了。(意指“乔去了北京”。)
本专题第二项中的四个例句中的 besides 用法也与上相同,没有把 besides 后面的人或物作为“除外”来看待,而是“也包括了进去”。主句没有 also 等词出现,在译文中加译“也”、“还”为妥,以免误解。
若 besides… 与否定句连用,则表示“除…外不再有…”之意,可与 except 互换:There is nothing on the table besides (或 except ) a floppy disk. 桌上只有一个软盘。
Between 和 Among 的用法辨异
一、between 和 among 都是介词,都作“之间”、“中间”讲,但前者用于“两者之间”,而后者用于“三者以上中间”
What is the difference between a pager and a mobile phone? 寻呼机和移动电话之间的差别是什么?(后置定语)
He will come back between one and two o’clock. 他将于 1 点到 2 点之间回来。(状语)
It is due to the free motion among the molecules. 这是由于分子中间的自由运动的缘故。(后置定语)
Among all the machines computers are used most widely. 在所有机器中,计算机使用最广泛。(状语)
二、注意 between 和 among 介词短语作另一介词的宾语
The air has been removed from between the two pipes. 已从两管之间抽走了空气。(作介词 from 的宾语)
We must select the best notebook computer from among those ones. 我们必须从那些笔记本电脑中间挑出最好的一台。(作介词 from 的宾语)
三、between 用于“三者以上”,则表示其中每两个之间的相互关系
We put emphasis on the friendly relation between the people of all countries. 我们强调各国人民之间的友好关系。
Early man did not know how to explain the difference between gases, solids and liquids. 早期人们不懂如何解释气体、固体和液体之间的差别。
The ester must be separated between each washing. 各次洗涤之间必须将这种酯分离出来。
Compare the difference between doing business in the Arab world and in your country or the US. 请比较一下在阿拉伯世界和你们国家或在美国做生意之间的差别。
四、between 作副词用法举例
In gases, the particles are far apart with empty space between. 在气体中各粒子空隙间距大。
We would like two rooms with a bath between. 我们愿要两个房间,中间有一个浴室。
Beyond 的搭配用法及理解
一、介词 beyond 在位置上表示“在…以外”、“在(或到)…的那一边”之意
Our special economic zone is beyond the hill. 我们的经济特区在这小山那边。(或意译:过了小山便是我们的经济特区。)
The steel works is 40 kilo meters beyond the town. 钢厂离城镇 40 公里。(由“钢厂在城镇外 40 公里”引申过来。)
He will look beyond the grave. 他将考虑身后(或死后)事。(意译)
He has come from beyond the sea. 他从海外(或大洋彼岸)回来。(beyond 短语作介词 from 的宾语。)
She can see beyond the end of his nose. 她能看得远(或看得透)。(由“能看鼻尖以外的东西“引申过来。)
二、介词 beyond 表示“(时间)超过→晚于…或(数量)超过…”时的用法举例
Now it is beyond six o’clock. 现在过六点了。(意译)
Today he checked the circuit beyond the usual time. 今天他比平时晚些才检查好线路。
In the meeting room there were not beyond ten professors present. 在会议室出席的教授不超过十位。
Only a few restaurants keep open beyond (或 after) midnight. 仅有几家餐馆持续营业到半夜以后。
三 、介词 beyond 表示在范围上“超出、超过…”或“出乎…以外”
The book is quite beyond me (或 my comprehension, my understanding.) 这本书非我所能理解。(表语)
We found Beijing changed beyond recognition. 我们发现北京变了,使人认不得了。(状语)
The temperature scales can be extended in either direction beyond 0℃ and 100℃. 温度刻度可以朝着超出 0℃ 或 100℃ 的任一方向扩展。(后置定语)
By radar people can see the things beyond the visibility of them. 利用雷达人们能看见视线以外的东西。(后置定语)
注 1:用介词 beyond 表示在范围上“超出、超过…或出于…以外”的固定短语较多,并且译为汉语时常有丰富多彩的表示方法。又如:beyond all comparison 无可比拟;beyond all hope 没有希望;beyond belief 难以置信;beyond comprehension 不能理解;beyond dispute 无可争论;beyond control 不受约束,不受控制;beyond controversy 无可争论;beyond one’s grasp 非力所及;beyond doubt 无疑;beyond expression 难以比喻;beyond expectation 出乎意料,不料等
注 2:注意本项中有些固定的 beyond 短语还可比较灵活地用于句中作状语、插入语,只要其意思在上下文中贴切就宜。例如:
She is beyond doubt (或 dispute) an outstanding scientist. 她无疑(或无可争辩)是位杰出的科学家。(状语)
Beyond all doubt, Jenny and Linda will both succeed. 毫无疑问,詹妮和琳达都会成功。(插入语)
In her work Jenny demonstrated beyond any question many good qualities. 詹妮在工作中不容置疑地表现出许多优秀品质。(状语)
They convinced me that Ava, beyond the possibility of doubt, was innocent. 他们使我相信埃娃毫无疑问是清白的。(插入语)
You must write a letter to your mother beyond all (或 beyond all things). 你首先必须给你母亲写信 。(状语)
四、介词 beyond 作“超出→超脱…”或“超脱→不屑或决不…”讲时的用法举例(常用于表示某人品质、习性等方面)
He is beyond such a thing. 他不屑(或决不)做这样的事。
Don't ask him how they are to pay the bills; he has gone beyond caring. 别问他,他们将如何支付这些账单;他已不再操心(或在乎)了。(由“超脱或不屑于关心这件事”引申过来。)
He has only a short sighted plan, and so he is beyond thinking of the future. 他只有一个眼光短浅的计划,因而不屑考虑将来。
五、介词 beyond 作“除了…外”讲用法举例(常用于否定句、疑问句)
I had no money beyond my pension. 那时我除了养老金以外毫无积蓄。
What else do you know about the stranger beyond what they have said about him? 除了他们说的有关这位陌生人的情况以外,你还知道他其它什么情况吗?
Beyond inviting me to Shanghai, he also sent me a railroad ticket. 除了邀请我去上海以外,他还给我寄来了一张火车票。(只是偶尔用于肯定句。)
六、副词 beyond 作“再过去”、“再往前”、“远处或往远处”或“以后时期”等讲,常可根据上下文理解为 beyond 后省略了有关词语
The building is very high. I don't know whether there is any house beyond. 这楼很高。我不知道再前面是否有什么房子。(可以理解为 beyond 后省略 it。)
She studies in the left school, but I work beyond. 她在左边的学校学习,而再往前是我的工作的单位。(同上。)
These passengers are going to Beijing and all stations beyond. 这些旅客准备去北京以及北京以远的各站。(同上)
They investigated the important events of 1996 and beyond. 他们调查了 1996 年以及(1996 年)以后的重要事件。(同上)
Both 的用法及注意点
一、形容词 both 作“两个…都”讲
Both (the) students have read a good few books. 这两个学生都读了不少书。(定语)
Both cancer research and cloning technology are important to us。癌症研究和克隆技术对我们都很重要。(同上)
There are trees on both sides of the street. 街道两旁都有树。(定语)
从上述前两句中可看出作定语用的 both 含有“两个……都”之意。第3句中的 both 用法还表明:街道只有两旁,没有三旁、四旁。
二、代词 both 作“两人”、“两者”讲,作同位语用,仍含有“两者都”之意
Science and education both play an important part in the national economy. 科学和教育在国民经济中都起着重要的作用。
They have both been to Beijing Computing Center. 他们俩都去过北京计算中心。(若改用 Both of them,则代词 Both 作主语。)
She and I are both computer programmers. 她和我都是计算机程序员。
三、"both… and…" 起连接词作用,作“…和…两者都”、“又…又”、“不但…而且”讲
注意 "both… and…" 能连接各种并列成分,甚至两个句子。
Both you and your son have given both your mother and myself a lot of trouble. 你和你的儿子两人都已给你的母亲和我两人带来了不少麻烦。("both… and…" 分别连接两个主语和两个间接宾语。)
What he saw at that time both surprised and frightened him. 那时他所看到的情况使他感到既吃惊又害怕。(连接两个谓语动词)
These materials are both useful and important. 这些材料既有用又重要。(连接两个表语)
The word "sound" may be used both as a noun and as a verb. "sound" 这个词既可作名词用,又可作动词用。(连接两个主语补语)
Copper is an important conductor,both because of its high conductivity and because of its abundance and low cost. 铜是一种重要的导体,因为它的导电率高,而且资源丰富,价格又低。(连接两个状语)
It is necessary to build a lot of petrochemical works both because China is rich in petroleum and because there is a great demand for petrochemicals. 由于中国石油丰富,而且对石油化学产品需要量又大,所以有必要建立许多石油化工厂。(连接两个状语从句)
四、注意“both + 否定式谓语 + …”构成部分否定
Both (the) instruments are not precision ones. 并非这两个仪器都是精密仪器。(=Not both instruments are precision ones.)
Both of the films are not wonderful. 这两部电影并非都是精彩的。
注:若要把上句改为全部否定,就要用“neither… + 肯定式谓语”或“either… + 否定式谓语”。详见第 72,38 节。
But 及其搭配关系的用法和判别
一、but 作“但是”讲,连接两个并列成分或两个并列句子
Steel is not brittle, but strong. 钢不脆,但坚固。(连接两个表语)
The atomic numbers are nearly, but not quite, the same as the order of the atomic weights. 原子序几乎是(但不完全是)和原子量的顺序相同。(连接两个状语)
Theory is something but practice is everything. 理论固然重要,但实践尤其重要。(连接两个句子)
Mercury is in the liquid state, but it is a metal. 汞处于液态,但汞是金属。(连接两个句子)
Using this simple but scientific method would enable Archimedes to solve such problems. 当时使用这种简单却又是科学的方法常使阿基米德解出了这样一些题。(连接两个定语)
二、but(介词)作“除了……以外”讲(参阅第 42 节)
I have told everybody but you. 除了你,我谁都告诉了。
You can't get the book anywhere but here (或 in this bookshop). 除非在这里(或在这家书店),你在任何地方也得不到这本书。
while carrying the instrument, do not touch any parts but the carrier bars and the bed. 当搬运这台仪器时,除了搬运杆和床座外,其它任何零件都不要碰。
She was the last but one to arrive. 她是倒数第二个到达的。(句中 but 仍为介词。“除了一个以外的最后一个”正好就是“倒数第二个”。不定式 to arrive 作后置定语。)
She did nothing but smile at us from beginning to end. 她从头到尾只是对我们微笑。(介词 but 后接动词不定式。当前面动词出现 do 时,不定式前的 to 在 but 后就不用了。)
If the bird did not find land, it would have no choice but to return to the ship. 如果鸟没有发现陆地,它就别无选择,只有飞回船上。(本句 but 后必须用带 to 的不定式,因为前面没有出现实意动词 do。)
三、nothing but… 和 nothing else but… 的用法(不限于上面第 5、6 例)
It is nothing but a home computer. 这只不过是一台家用计算机。
Then I could hear nothing but the roar of aircraft engines. 那时我只能听见飞机引擎呼啸声。
Lightning is nothing else but an electric spark. 闪电不外乎是电火花而已。
He is nothing but a college student. 他只是一个大学生。
四、“anything but + …”作“决非…”讲,系由“除了…以外,任何什么都行”,引申过来
It is anything but a multimedia computer. 这决不是一台多媒体计算机。
Her French was anything but correct before 1997. 1997 年以前她的法语错误百出。(原义是“…决非正确”。)
Isn't there anything in your hometown but mountains? 难道你的故乡只有山吗?(意译)
五、“what (who, whose 等疑问词) + but…”表示的意思与“nothing but”,“no one (或 none) but”同义(参阅本节三和六)
What is coal but a kind of stone? = Coal is nothing but a kind of stone. 煤只是一种石头。(由“煤除了一种石头以外又是什么呢?”引申过来。)
Who but the workers, student sand teachers of our university can enter the reading-room? = No one (或 None) but the workers… can enter the reading room. 只有我校工人、学生和教师才能进入阅览室。
Whose fault is it but your own? = It is no one’s fault but your own. 这只是你的过错。
六、“nobody (或 no… 或 none) but + …”作“除了…以外无人(或没有…)…,”讲,如果 but 后接一个从句,这时 but 顶替“关系代词 that + not”
No one but a naughty boy would have such an idea. 只有淘气的男孩才会有这样一种想法。(原义为“除了淘气的男孩以外,无人会有…”。)
None but the net friends can enter the club. 只有网友才能进入这个俱乐部。
I’ll take nobody but Joe to Macao. 我将只带乔去澳门。
There is scarcely a man but knows of American Inventor Edison. 几乎没有人是不知道美国发明家爱迪生的。(句中 but 等于关系代词 that + not。)
No college student was there but respected the teachers.(当时)那儿没有一个大学生是不尊敬老师的。
七、“no one (或 none, nothing 等)…so…but…”表示“没有人(或物等)……如此……以致……不……”之意。注意这里 but 虽也相当于 that not,但 that 已不是关系代词,而是连词
No one (或 Nobody) is so old but he may learn. 一个人无论多老,总是可以学习的。(原义为:没有一个人老到以致不能学习的。)
There is nothing so difficult but it becomes easy by practice. 无论多么困难的事,通过实践后总可以变为容易的。(原义为:没有如此困难的事,以致通过实践它不能变为容易的。)
No man is so foolish but he may give another good counsel sometimes. 无论怎样愚笨的人,有时仍能给别人提出忠告。
有时用谓语否定式来代替 no 否定后面的名词,but 仍作 that(连词)not 讲。例如:
He is not so sick but he can go to school. 他还没有病到不能上学。
本句型结构中 so 修饰后面副词或形容词;若修饰名词,则要用 such 代之。例如下面句 5:
It was not such a cold night but we could go out. 那天夜里还没有冷到不能外出。
八、“not that… but that…”作“不是……而是(倒是)……”讲。本句型可理解为句首省略了It is。于是,它就变成了另一种强调句型,只是增加了正反对比而已
(It is) Not that the palmtop is out of order, but that I have not learned to operate it. 不是掌上型电脑出了故障,而是我还没有学会操作。(联系本节第十二条,并注意它们用法上的差别。)
(It is) Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time to do it. 不是我不喜欢这项工作,而是我没有时间做这项工作。
注:下句的 but that 和本条及本节第十二条中 but that 用法又不同。例如:But that is quite different. 但那是不相同的。
九、"not only… but (also)…" 作“不仅……而且……”讲
Mr.Wang is not only a worker but (also) a student. 王先生不仅是个工人,而且是个学生。(若不用 also,也可在句末加 as well。)
The students can not only operate the video cameras with safety but also repair them. 学生们不仅能安全地操作这些摄象机,而且还能修理。
Not only China, but all the world feels this loss. 不仅中国,而且全世界都感到这种损失。(not only 和 but 连接两个并列的主语。虽然 not only 位于句首,后面主、谓语不必颠倒。)
Not only is this problem very important, but it is a difficult problem to be solved at once. 这个问题不仅十分重要,而且还是一个难以马上解决的问题 。(见下面注释。)
注:注意 not only 和 but 后连接的成分必须是并列的同等成分。当 not only 位于句首并不直接说明主语时,句中主、谓语要采用疑问句格式的颠倒(见上面第 3 句。)
十、but (副词) 作“不过”、“仅”、“只”讲,但较为文气
It is but a plan. 这仅是一个计划。
He left but an hour ago. 一小时前他才离开的。
There is but one web phone in the room. 房间里只有一架网络电话。
十一、“but for + 名词”表示“要不是”、“若没有”之意,一般用于虚构的假设句中
But for the teacher’s help, we would not have succeeded. 要不是老师的帮助,我们是不会成功的。
But for air and water, nothing could live. 没有空气和水,什么也活不了。
注:but for… 一般用于虚构的假设,句中要用虚拟语气。注意下列句中 but for 不作“要不是”解,而作“但是对于……”讲。例如:Size and fashion are easily specified for shirts, but for a tea set the terms "size" and "fashion" are not so clear. 对于衬衫来说,尺寸和款式易于规定,但是对于一套茶具来说,“尺寸”和“款式”这两个术语就不明确了。
十二、“but that + 从句” 的用法:一般作“假使……不”解;和疑问词或否定词连用,则本身起否定作用
But that you helped us, we should have failed. 假使你们不帮助我们,那么我们早就失败了。
But that he saw it, he could not have believed it. 要不是他亲眼看见,他早就不相信了。
Who knows but that he will come by and by? 谁知道他不会马上来?
I do not say but that A will vary with B in a large degree. 我没说 A 不会在很大程度上随 B 而变。
I can't come, not but that I should like to come. 我不能来,并非不肯来。
It cannot be but that something will happen. 一定有事情要发生。
十三、but what 表示后面句子是否定意思
Not a man but what likes to see the film "Titanic". 没有一个人是不喜欢看“泰坦尼克号”影片的。
Not a day but what it rains. 没有一天不下雨。
Who knows but (what) it may be so? 或许如此,也未可知。(原义为:“谁知道这也许不是如此呢?“或“谁能说这也许不是如此?”)
I can't do it; not but what a younger man might be able to do it. 我不能做,但是比我年轻的人也许能做。
十四、but yet 作连词用,当“可是”、“然而”讲
I agree with you, but yet I cannot leave for Beijing at once. 我同意你,可是我不能马上去北京。
十五、all but 作“差不多”、“几乎”讲,在句中作状语
He all but did these experiments. 他几乎做了这些实验。
This gas is all but yellow. 这种气体差不多是黄色的。
十六、“be + but (或 only) + too… + 不定式”中,动词不定式意思没有被否定,but too 作“十分”,“非常”讲
I shall be but (或 only) too pleased to do my best in that line of work. 我将非常高兴地尽力做好那方面的工作。
十七、can but 作“只能”讲
we can but have a try. 我们只能试一试。
I can but buy the only CD player. 我只能买这名唯一的光盘播放机。
十八、can not but 作“不得不”讲
I cannot but take care of the pump. 我不得不看管这台泵。
I cannot but use his telephone directory. 我不得不使用他的电话簿。
十九、But 和 Except, Besides, Apart From 用法比较(参阅前面第 14 节)
By 的搭配用法及其分类理解
一、介词 by 作“在…旁边”、“在(某人)身边”或“从…旁边”讲时的动词短语举例
Have a pager by…(我)身边有一个寻呼机(后加 me)
fly by the town 从 城镇旁飞过
get by… (我不能)挤过(如此多的人群即 so many people),(这艘船能够)通过(敌人的炮火即 the enemy guns),(你的建议)通过了(第一关即 the 即 the first stage)[过去一般时]
hurry by…(她)匆匆地从(大楼)旁走过[过去一般时]
go west by north(汽车)朝西偏北驶去
Pass by the computer center 路过计算中心
sit by the fire 坐在火炉旁
stand by…(这座房子)位于(河)边,(他)站在(我)身旁,(我)恪守(原则即 the principles)[由“坚守在…旁”引申过来]
walk by the window (我)从窗前走过去
二、介词 by 作“通过、经由、取道”讲。若后接不带冠词的 air, water, land, plane, ship, train, bus, bike 或地名等,则表示旅行方式
They crossed the river by a long bridge. 他们经由一座长桥过了河。
He went out by another door. 他经由另一道门出去。
I shall return by Tokyo. 我将取道东京回国。
She drove up to the police station by way of the 18th Street. 她驾车取道第十八街开往警察分局了。
She went to Shanghai by air (或 by plane) today. 她今天乘飞机去上海了。
They came by car (或 bus, tube, train, ship 等). 他们坐汽车(或乘公共汽车、地铁、火车、轮船等)来的。
Some of us sent the goods by sea (或 land). 我们中间有些人由海路(或陆路)运送了货物。
注:对于特定时刻的火车或公共汽车,尽管前面出现 the 但仍可用介词 by,但也可用 on。其它交通工具前面出现定冠词和修饰语时,则结合具体情况可使用介词 in 或 on。
三、介词 by 表示时间或某时间下限。by… 表示时间下限时,句中谓语多半要用完成时,但当谓语是系词 be 时,则不必用完成时
They work by day. 他们白天工作。
By the end of next year, we will have been studying English for 3 years. 到明年底为止我们英语已学了三年。
By the time the fire-engine arrived, the fire had been put out by the inhabitants. 当救火车到达时,火已被居民扑灭了。(由 by the time 引出时间状语从句。主句谓语是行为动词的被动态,“灭火”是在救火车到达前完成的,故要用过去完成时。)
We shall have left by the time you return here. 你们回到这里时,我们将早巳走了。(由 by the time 引出时间从句。)
注:注意 by 和 until (或 till) 在表示时限方面的用法各异:
1) You must be back by four o’clock. 你务必不迟于四点回来。
2) I must be here until four o’clock. 我必须在这里呆到四点。
3) She saw you here the year before last. 她前年在这里见到了你。
四、在被动态句或短语中用 by 引出行为主体
These machines are driven by electricity. 这些机器是由电力驱动的。(句中 are driven by electricity 可用 are power-driven 代替。)
The new elevated roads were designed by the senior engineers in 1999. 这些新的高架桥路是由这些高级工程师在 1999 年设计的。
The experiments (done) by Prof • Smith and the book (written) by Prof • Brown were both interesting and instructive. 史密斯教授所做的实验和勃朗教授写的书都是既有趣又有教益的。(句中 done 和 written 还可省略。)
五、by 表示手段或方法,一般含有“通过…的方式”之意
You do not change the Shape of a solid by putting it in a container. 你并不能通过把固体放入容器内改变固体形状。
注:注意上句用“by + -ing 或其短语”表示方式状语。又如:amuse oneself by reading novels. 以看小说来消遣, begin by doing something 通过做某事来开始等。
To weld metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 用电流产生的热来焊接金属是可行的。(原义为“通过……手段”。)
The liquid falls from the container drop by drop. 该液体一滴一滴地从容器内掉下来。(由“一滴挨着一滴”引申过来。)
Things go on step by step. 事物一步一步地在发展。(也可用 little by little 代替,表示“一点一点地”。)
They entered the classroom two by two (或 by twos and threes). 他们两个两个地进入教室(或…两个三个地进入教室)。
We know about magnetism by how magnetsact. 通过磁铁如何作用,我们就可知道有关磁性的问题。(by 接一个由疑问词引出的介词宾语从句。)
六、介词 by… 表示“按照(规定、外形、重量、体积、小时、立升、公斤等)”含义
do everything by rule. 按规定办事
tell one state of matter from another by their form. 根据物态形状把这一物态和另一物态区别开
sell flour by weight(或 the kilogram)按重量(或公斤)出售面粉
a. hire a car by the day 租借汽车按天数计(必须用 the)
b. prefer travelling by day. 宁愿白天旅行
Sugar is sold by the kilogram and petroleum by the liter. 白糖按公斤出售,而汽油按公升出售。(与上句同理,必须用 the。)
By my watch it is eight o’clock now. 按我的表,现在是八点钟。
I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 当时我按他外貌便认出他不是英国人。
I’m not an actress by profession. 按职业我不是女演员。
He was a peasant by birth. 按出生他是农民。
七、表示数量的净增减值或乘除数以及尺寸、距离等
A is by 4 feet longer than B. A 比 B 长四英尺。
An increase in the oxygen content of a coal by 1 percent reduces the calorific value by about 1.7 percent. 煤的含氧量增加 1%,其热值就下降约 1.7%。
注 1:注意 by 后接百分数时,用或不用 by,均为净增加的百分数。例如:The quantity of petroleum needed for the process will be increased (by) 5%. 这个过程所需的石油数量将增加 5%。
注2:注意 by 后接“a factor of + 数字”时,倍数减去 1。例如:This flow rate exceeds the mean flow rate by a factor two. 该流速超过平均流速一倍。
A divided by B gives C. A ÷ B = C。
A multiplied by B equals C. A × B = C。
This value is the product of F by S. 这个数值是 F 和 S 的乘积。
The mobile phones produced this week must be checked by 100 percent. 本周生产的移动电话必须百分之百地(或全部地)进行检验。
He has a desk 150 cm by 50 cm. 他有一张长 150 厘米宽 50 厘米的书桌。
The bullet missed his head by a hair's breadth. 子弹在他头上掠过过,只差一丝一毫之距。
八、当和动词 seize, take, hold, catch 等连用时,by… 表明接触身体的那一部分
lead on by the nose 牵着鼻子领着走;
hold the door by the handle 握着门上的手把;
take him by the hand 攥着他的手;
pull the by the sleeve 拉着男孩的袖子;
seize the child by the collar 抓着小孩的领子;
grab him by the arm 急速抓住他的胳膊;
shake somebody by the hand 握某人的手等
九、以介词短语形式构成的其它常用短语
by accident = by chance 偶然地;
by all means 想方设法,一定要,当然可以;
by choice 出于自愿;
by day (或 night) 在白天(或在夜间);
by daylight 在大白天;
by dint of… 通过(努力工作即 hard work 等);
by far + 形容词最高级最 最…的;
by far + 比较级 重得多(后加 heavier);
by hook or (by) crook 以任何手段,想一切办法;
by leaps and bounds 快速地;
by means of …借助于或靠…;
by mistake (或 error) 出于误会,弄错;
by no means 决不;
by oneself 独自地;
by the way 顺便说一件事;
by turns 轮流地;
go hot and cold by turns(她)一阵发热一阵发冷[表示发烧、害臊或丢脸];
by (或 in) virtue of his position 由于他的职位(较为文气的说法)等
十、“动词 + 介词 + …”的固定短语含义有时也不是一成不变的。这不仅取决于上下文,而且还得靠对 by 的基本含义的理解
例如:go by + … 可以理解为“从…旁边通过”,但当见到 go by the doctor’s advice 时,就应把这个 by 作“按照”去理解,译为“按照医生建议进行”。同理,abide by sb. 就应从原文本意“坚守在某人身旁”去理解为“支援或帮助某人”。又如 stick by … 作“忠于(某人)”、“坚持(意见等)”讲,就应从动词 stick(粘贴、不离开)和介词 by(“在旁边紧挨着”)去理解。其效果比死记硬背要好得多。
十一、副词 by 作“在近旁”、“从近旁”、“经过或过去”乃由介词短语 by… 发展过来,有时结合上下文还有引申的用法
Walk by the window(从窗户旁走过去)→ walk by(从旁边走过去)
stand by me(站在我旁边或支持我)→ stand by(站在一旁或袖手旁观)
get by many people(从许多人近旁通过)→ get by(挤着通过)→(他的工作)还过得去→(她)勉强过活
A lot of time has gone(或 passed)by since then. 从那时起已过了许多时间。
十二、副词 by 由“在近旁”引申到(放或搁等)“在一旁”,这时常可用 aside 代替
a. lay (或 put, set) the work (或 the novel) by 放下工作(或这本小说)
b. lay (或 put, set)… by 放弃(不同意见即 the differences),戒除(坏习惯即 the bad habits),积蓄钱(由“将钱搁往一旁”引申过来),为顾客存留(一块新表)[后加 for a customer]
lie by (他)躺在一旁休息,(船)由于暴风雨顶风而停驶[后加 because of the storm]
I always keep some pain-killers by. 我常备一些止痛药在身边。
十三、副词 by 作“顺便”讲,也是“从旁边”引申过来。
Call by 顺便访问
Come by 顺便来访[由“从旁边过来”引申过来]
Drop by everytime you go downtown shopping. 每次你去商业区购买东西,就顺便看看我。
Would you please stop by for one brief minute. 请顺便停下歇一下。
Can 的主要用法
一、can 作“能、会”讲,表示能力;否定式是 cannot
Electricity can drive motors and so on. 电能开动马达等
He cannot operate the optical computer. 他不会操作这台光电脑。
Can you write in German? 你能用德语写吗?
These conditions can give an impetus to trade. 这些条件会促进贸易。
二、注意 can 或 cannot 后面用完成式,则各表示过去“可能”或“不可能”,用于对过去事物的推论
Can he have said so?(当时)他可能(或译“会”)是这样说的吗?(试比较:Could he say so?(当时)他能这样说吗?)
She cannot have seen me yesterday. 她是不可能在昨天看见我的。(试比较:She could not see me yesterday. 她昨天未能见我。)
三、cannot, can… no 作“不可能、决不会”讲,表示对现在情况的判断
Their calculations cannot be correct. 他们的计算决不会准确的。
There can be no knowledge apart from practice. 离开实践的知识是不可能有的。(没按原文结构译)
They can’t be using the laboratory now. 他们现在不可能在用这个实验室。
四、can 可用于带有条件句或假设句的主句中
If he comes, he can help us. 如果他来,他就能够帮助我们。(条件句)
If he should come tomorrow, he can help us to see into the matter. 万一他明天来,他就能够帮助我们调查那件事。(假设句)
五、can 和“be able + 不定式”的用法差异
这两者在意思上差别不大,只是“be able + 不定式”比 can 具有更多的时态形式。
I can tell you the correct time. = I am able to tell you the correct time. 我能告诉你准确的时间。
I am sorry (that) I haven't been able to write a letter to you. 对不起,我一直没能给你写信。(现在完成时。不能用 cannot 代替,因时态各异。)
He said (that) he had not been able to plunge into work in time. 他说他未能及时投入工作。(过去完成时。同上。)
My grandson will be able to send a voice mail in another few years. 再隔几年我的孙子就会发语音邮件。(不要说※:…can send …)
注:当在目前决定将来有否做某事的能力时,也可用 can… 表示。
1) Now I’m very busy, but I can go to the film with you tomorrow. 现在我很忙,但我明天可以跟你一起去看电影。
2) Can you come and see our teacher next Sunday? 下星期天你能来看望我们的老师吗?
六、注意和 can 连用的一些常用词组
He can but ring up his teacher.(现在)他只好给他的老师打电话。
I cannot but feel sorry for you. 我不得不为你感到婉惜。
I cannot help wondering about the phenomena. 对于这些现象我不禁感到奇怪。
We cannot thank you too much. 我们无论怎样感谢你也不算过分。(本义。可意译为:…万分感谢。)
Could 的主要用法
一、could 是 can 的过去式
I could do it yesterday. 我昨天能做那件事。
He told me that he could do it. 他告诉我说,他能够做那件事。
注:注意不宜用 could 表示过去某种具体能力(指在过去某一个场合做某事的能力。)
1) How many tickets were you able to get? 那时你能买到多少 张票?
2) The luggage was quite heavy, but he managed to carry it. 当时那行李很重,但他能拿得动。
3) She succeeded in bringing me up to the top of the mountain?(当时)她终于把我带领到山顶。
注:以上三例都不宜用 could 造句。
二、委婉地提出问题或陈述看法
Could you help me lift this iron plate? 你能帮助我抬起这块铁板吗?
What could she be doing at this time of day? 她在这个时候可能在做什么呢?
It could be about 3:30. 现在可能是 3 点 30 分。
I could not go to the library. 我不能去图书馆。
I think you could promote chain shops in this manner. 我想你们还是按这种方式创建连锁店。
这时,could 和 can 没有时间的差别。以上五句用 can 也可,不过用 could 较为客气、谦虚、委婉一些。
三、could 用于条件句和假设句的主句中
If he worked hard last week, he could finish the work. 如果他上周努力工作,他就能完成那项工作。(真实条件句,其主句中 could 指将来,语气委婉。)
If he had worked hard, he could have finished the work. 如果他(当时)努力工作,他早就能够完成那项工作。(假设句。实际上,他过去并没有努力工作,所以他未能完成那项工作。)
四、“could + have + 过去分词”表示现在对过去事物的判断,可译为“本来能够或本来可以…”,暗示当时未实现的动作
They could have completed this work. 他们本来是能够完成这项工作的。(未实现的动作)
He could not have done the experiment.(那时)他是不会做完那个实验的。(原意为:他本来就是不能完成那个实验的。)
We could have done the work better. 我们本来可以把这项工作做得更好些。
Do 的用法判别
一、在疑问句和否定句的谓语动词前部见到 do(包括 does 或 did),则 do 一般作助动词用,本身无实在意义;若在肯定句中用 do,而 do 后又出现主要动词,则系加强语气用
A. Do you go to the computing center every day? 你每天去计算中心吗?
B. Yes, I do. 是,我每天去。(不能用 go 代替 do)。
C. No, I don't. 不,我不是每天去。(后面不再加 go)。
I did not go online yesterday. 昨天我没有上网。
She did do morning exercises this morning. 她今天早晨确实做早操了。(did 后的 do 才是实义动词,表示“做”。)
二、句中谓语为现在一般时或过去一般时,而句首出现 Not only, Scarcely, Never, No sooner, In no case 等词语,这时句中用助动词 do(或 does, did)等提前并颠倒主、谓语语序(详见第 148 节、一)。
Scarcely (或 Hardly) did they speak about the difficulties in their work. 他们很少谈到自已工作中的困难。
She doesn't know and neither does she care. 她不知道也不关心。(这里应以第二个分句的句首出现否定词为准,后面主、谓语采用疑问句格式的颠倒语序。)
Down 的搭配用法及其分类理解
一、副词 down 同有关动词搭配表示“退下、坐下、躺下、倒下、趴下、放下、取下、搬下、拉下、扔下”等以及“打倒、吹倒、砍倒、压倒”等含义时的用法举例
back down(某人)退下;beat down… 打倒(某人),击倒(那扇门);blow down…(暴风雨即 the storm)吹倒(树等);break down(这门)塌下来,(汽车)抛锚,(计划)告吹,(某人或他的健康)垮下来;bring… down 将(椅子等)搬下去,将(小孩)领下去,使(那政府)倒台;call… down 叫(某人)下来,对(他的小说)评价低;climb down 往下爬;face (或 drop) down 卧倒(或趴下);come down 下来;cut down… 砍倒(树等),撂倒(一个人),少(抽烟和喝酒即 smoking and drinking);draw (或 pull)… down 拉下(窗帘即 the curtain);fall down(他)倒下(或摔倒),(计划)失败;get (v.) down(她)蹲下,(他)将(桌子)搬下来,将(树)砍下,使(某人)疲劳或病倒;go down(太阳)下落,(船)下沉,(她)下去或下楼,(墙)倒塌,(这个队即 the team)输了,(那个政府)垮台,(价格)下降等;lay down… 放下(武器即 one’s arms),铺设(铁路),建造(一条新船)[由“放新船下水”引申过来],放下(规则即 the rules),存下(几瓶酒即 a few bottles of wine);lie down 躺下,look down 往下看,瞧不起某人[后加 on sb. ];put down… 放下(杯子即 the cup),放下(工具即 one’s tools)或罢工;run (v.) down(他)往下跑,(水)往下奔流,撞倒(小船即 the boat);sit down 坐下,shut (v.) down(他)关下(窗户),(工厂)倒闭;slip down 滑倒,stand down(他)退下或退席,(他)让(士兵即 the soldiers)撤岗,step down(她)从舞台上下来[后接 from the stage],(他)退下来,(她)辞去(高职)[后加 from the top office];take… down 取下(窗帘),领(客人)下楼;throw down… 扔下(武器),将(杯子)摔地,拒绝(这个建议),迅速趴下[后加 oneself];turn down… 翻下(衣领即 the collar),拒绝(这项计划)[由“翻手将计划书往下扔”引申过来];walk down 往下走等
二、副词 down 与有关动词搭配表示“(雨、水等)流下、落下、倾泻而下”等时的用法举例
beat down… (雨)冲倒(庄稼即 the crops);be corning down in sheets(雨)正大片大片地下着;float down(木材即 logs)顺流漂浮而下;flow down(江河)往下流;pour down 下倾盆大雨[主语用 it];rain down(水)雨点般地落下,(困难)不断地下落在他们身上[后加on them];run down(水)往下奔流,(他)往下奔跑;stream down(她的眼泪即 her tears)往下淌等
三、含副词 down 的动词短语表示“写下、记下、抄下”等时的用法举例
book down… 登记下(一笔款子即 a sum of money);charge… down to sb.’s account 将(货物)记在某人账下;copy down… 记下(他的话),抄下(这道题的答案即 the answer to the problem);get… down 将(电话留言即 the telephone message)记下;go down(他的讲话即 his talk)在我们的记录中写下[后加 in our records],(这本小说)只写到(第一次世界大战)[后加 only to the First world War];put down… 记下(他的电话号码即 his telephone number),将(这台计算机)下在(我的账即 my account)上;take… down 记下(他的演讲即 his speech);write down… 写下(她的证词即 her evidence);be down on paper(这些建议)记录在案等
四、副词 down 跟有关动词连用表示“吞下”、“咽下”、“大口吃下或喝下。时的用法举例
dash down… 迅速喝下(一杯酒等),匆匆写下(一本小说等);drink… down 一口喝下(一杯水);get… down 困难地把(药丸即 the pill 或酒等)喝下;… won't go down(这药丸等)吞不下去;put down so much food(这男孩)吃下那么多的食物;swallow down… 吞下(药或食物等);take down… 口服(药等),带(客人)下楼,拉下(窗户等);wolf down…(他)狼吞虎咽地吃(早饭)等
五、副词 down 跟有关动词连用时表示“降落、击落、撂倒”等含义时的用法举例
bring down… 击落(飞机等),撂倒(一只老虎),使(某人)倒台,带领(小孩)下楼(或下来);come down(两架敌机)在战斗中被击落[后加 in the battle],(我机)安全降落[后加 safely];let the plane down gently 让飞机平稳降落;put (或 set) (v.) down in a heavy fog(使)飞机在浓雾中降落;be sent down(飞机)被击落;shoot down… 击落(飞机),击倒(敌人);shut down(夜幕即 the night)降临等
六、副词 down 跟有关动词搭配表示“下跌、减少、降低、放慢、减弱、衰弱、贬低”等含义时的用法举例
beat down… 使(价格)下跌;break down(他或他的健康)衰落,(汽车)出毛病,(这计划)落空;bring down… 降低(价格),退(烧即 fever),带(某人)下楼;cut down… 削减(价格),砍倒(树),删减(文章即 the article);change down(汽车)放慢车速;die down(火、风、闹声等)逐渐减弱;ease down(the speed)放慢;force down… 压低(价格),迫使(飞机)降落;go down(价格、温度等)下降,(风)减弱,(公司或健康)正在衰退[用进行时];slow (v.) down(汽车)放慢速度,(她)放慢(机器)速度;put… down 减少(开支即 the expenditure),贬低(某人或他的书等);run (v.) down 紧缩(生产即 the production),裁减(营业员 the salesmen 等),贬低(某人成就即 sb.’s achievements);step down… 逐步减少(开支或电压等);take… down 压低或刹(某人的傲气即 sb.’s pride),使(灯光)变暗;turn (v.) down 将(灯光)调暗,将(无线电)音量调低,(经济)衰退等
七、副词 down 和有关动词搭配表示“平静下来、冷静下 来、平息、镇定、镇静”时的用法举例
beat down… 平息(叛乱即 the rebellion);calm (v.) down(海洋)平静下来,(那个激动的女孩即 that excited girl)镇静或冷静下来,使(自己即 one self)镇定;cool (v.) down… 使(发火的人即 the angry person)冷静下来,缓和(通货膨胀即 the inflation),(发动机即 the engine)冷下来,(他的兴趣即 his interest)冷下来;die down(战斗即 the fighting)逐渐平息,(风)减弱;go down(风、浪)平静下来,(火)逐渐减弱;settle (v.) down(局势即 the situation)平静下来,(孩子)安下心来,使(婴儿)安静下来等
八、副词 down 作“在下面、在低处或在地平线下”讲时跟有关动词连用的情况
come down (这个家族即 the family)没落;get down and remain down 弯身蹲下;go down(太阳)落山;hold (或 keep) down… 保持(价格)低水平(或不涨);stay (或 stop, remain) down(温度)保持低水平,(他)呆在(下面); stand farther down(他)站在更低的地方[用进行时]等
九、副词 down 和有关动词搭配表示“离开大城市去较小城镇、乡村或去市中心商业区以及去南方”时的用法举例
go from Shanghai down to the home-town 从上海去到故乡;live down on the farm 住在农场;run down to the country 跑到农村去,go down town 去市里商业区;go down to… 南下去(广东)等
注:若由小地方去大城市,则常用“有关动词 + up”表示。例如:I am going up to Beijing. 我准备上北京。
十、副词跟有关动词搭配表示“上上下下干净地、牢固地、彻底地”时的用法举例
fasten down… 扣紧(箱盖即 the lid of the box);hammer down… 用锤子将(盖子)钉紧;nail down… 将(盖子)钉牢;paste a stamp down on the envelop 用浆糊将邮票牢固地贴在信封上;rub… down 将(小孩)上下擦干净,将(桌子)擦得很光滑;sweep down… 将(房间)彻底打扫;wipe down… 将(楼梯台阶即 the steps of the stairs)擦干净等
十一、副词 down 作表语时的含义要结合上下文并联想其常用的含有 down 的固定动词短语
I’ll be down at once. 我会马上下来。(联系 go down, get down 等。)
They were down with flu. 他们患流感病倒。(联系 come down with flu, be taken down with flu 等。)
The computer was down. 这台计算机坏了。(联系 break down 等。)
The house was down. 这房子已拆倒了。(联系 be pulled down, come down, be taken down 等。)
The tide was down. 潮水退了。(联系 go down 等。)
The barriers were down. 这些障碍(或隔阂)消除了。(联系 be pulled down, be knocked down, be pushed down 等。)
She was afraid her classmates would be down on her for speaking like that. 她当时害怕她的同学会由于她那样讲话而瞧不起她。(联系 look down on sb. )。
He was down on his job. 他工作没做好(或失败了)。(联系 fall down…, topple down on… 等。)
The fire was down (或 out). 火灭了。(联系 burn down, burn out。)
Many trees were down. 那时有许多棵树倒了。(联系 blow down, be cut down等。)
十二、副词 down 的其它习惯用法
Down below it was quite cool.(那时)楼下(或地底下)很凉快。
Everyone from the richest down to the poorest must respect the laws of a country. 从最富的到最穷的每个人都必须尊重国家的法律。
Down to the beginning of next year. 直到明年初。
Read down to the middle of this page. 读到这页的中间。
Down with… 放下(枪),打倒(反动政府即 counter revolutionary government),不要(抽烟)。
Walk up and down 来回走;
Turn things upside down 颠倒是非等
十三、介词 down 作“向或在…下端或下游、沿或顺着…往下”等讲时用法举例
carry goods down the hill 顺着山往下搬运货物;climb down a tree(猫)顺着树爬下来;cut down the stairs 沿着中间位置剪下;be half way down the hill(这房子)位于半山腰;go down(船)顺着(江河即 a river)而下,(他)走向(花园)那一端;go off down the hill 动身下山;hurry down the street 沿着街道匆匆走去;look down the street 往街道下端看去;pass down the bus 往公共汽车车厢里边走;run down…(水)顺(河)往下流,(小孩)沿着(街道)往下跑;walk down the stairs 走下楼等
Each 和 Every 的用法
一、each 作“各自的”、“每个的”讲,作形容词用
There are many trees on each side of the river. 河流两岸有许多树。
Each element has some special properties. 每种元素都有些特殊性质。
二、作“各个”、“每个”讲,作代词用
Each has his advantages. 各人都有其优点。
He gave each of us (或 give us each) a cellular mobile phone. 他给我们每个人一个蜂窝移动电话。
Here are a crowd of women, each hold holding a baby in her arms. 这里有一群妇女,每人抱着一个婴孩。(each 还常用于独立分词结构中。)
三、作“各个”讲,当副词用
Give them two books each. (= Give each of them two books.) 给他们每个人两本书。
The students have ten books each. (= Each of the students has ten books.) 这些学生各有十本书。(each 用于 have,则为同位语。)
Different kinds of waves have each the same three characteristics: amplitude, frequency and length. 不同的波(各)都有三个相同的特性:幅度、频率和波长。
四、注意 each 作同位语的用法(参阅本节三和第 146 节)
五、each other 作“互相”、“彼此”讲
We help each other. 我们互相帮助。
They speak English to each other. 他们彼此讲英语。
They held each other’s hands.(当时)他们相互握手。
六、each 和 every 词义辨异
I. every 只能作形容词,只有在与名词连用或构成复合词(如 everybody 每个人)时,才能作主语或宾语等,而 each 还可以作代词,直接作主语或宾语(见本文第二项例句)。注意 every 用于部分否定的句子中(见第 9节、五)。
II. every 虽指每个,但概括全体,而 each 仅指“每个”,却以“各…”为主。
We must correct every single error. 我们必须改正所有错误。(着重全体。)
They each have a tool. 他们每人有一件工具。(“个别”意义较重。)
-ed 结尾的或不规则动词的过去分词用法和判别
一、过去分词的用法
I. 构成现在、过去和将来三个完成时的组成部分(见第 134 节、八 ~ 十)。
II. 过去分词用于不定式的完成时态(见第 53 节 、一、二)。
III. 过去分词用于构成各种被动态(详见第 135 节)。
These computers have been infected by computer viruses. 这些计算机已被病毒感染。
The contract was worked out very carefully. (那时)该合同订得很仔细。
Ⅳ. 过去分词作表语:
The book is well written. 这本书写得好。
The cup is broken. 这个杯子是破的。
注:The cup was broken yesterday. 这个杯子是昨天打破的。本句中过去分词和 was 构成被动态。关于表语和被动态差别,可参阅第 135 节、三。
The boy is easier led than driven. 这男孩易于接受劝导,而不接受强迫。
Ⅴ. 过去分词作定语,按位置分为前置定语和后置定语。
A. 前置定语一般是单个过去分词或只带有说明过去分词的副词:
a solved problem 一个解决了的问题;
boiled water 开(过了的)水;
the insulated body 被绝缘的物体;
newly invented machines 新发明的机器;
best known elements 最熟悉的元素;
highly developed tertiary industries 高度发展的第三产业;
so-called robots(或 what are called robots)所谓的机器人等
B. 后置定语可以是单个过去分词,也可以是过去分词短语:
the problem discussed(被)讨论的问题;
a book written by the old scientist 一本由老科学家写的书;
the amount of heat given off in there action 在该反应中所放出的热量;
the problem spoken of at the meeting 在会上(被)谈到的那个问题等
注:如果在上述过去分词前加用 to be 两词,则整个短语分别变为:要(被)讨论的问题、一本将由老科学家编写的书、将在该反应中放出的热量、将在会上(被)谈到的那个问题等。如果改为加用 being,则上述短语分别变为:正在(被)讨论的问题;一本由老科学家正在编写的书… 等。
C. 注意“名词 + 过去分词”作前置定语的情况,这时该名词表示过去分词所表示动作的工具或行为主体:
a computer-controlled machine tool 一台由计算机控制的机床;
man-made ice 人造冰;
a silver-plated cup 一个镀银的杯子;
hand-made goods 手工制品;
export-oriented economy 外向型经济等
注:有些过去分词已转化为具有被动意义的形容词,例如:driven gear 从动齿轮,finished products(制)成品;a very complicated problem 一个十分复杂的问题等
D. 过去分词短语作非限制性定语,一般为后置定语,相当于非限制性定语从句的紧缩形式。例如:
What makes the computer introduced only some 30 years ago (= which was introduced some 30 years ago), so valuable a production tool? 计算机大约是在30年前问世的。是什么使它成为有价值 的生产工具呢?
At present we are discussing the new suggestion, brought up by Mr.YeHang (或 which has been brought up by Mr. YeHang). 叶航先生提出了新建议,我们正在进行讨论。
注:上述非限制性定语翻译时常采用分译法。
Ⅵ. 过去分词作状语,用以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或陪衬情况。必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句中主语。例如:
Heated, the metal expands. 金属受热就膨胀。(时间)
Equipped with the electronic brains, the factory overfulfils its production plan every month. 由于配备了电脑,工厂每月超额完成生产计划。(原因)
Given a new-type computer, we will carry out this work much better. 如果给予一台新型的计算机,我们进行这项工作就会好得多了。(条件)
注:如果谓语为将来时,过去分词短语“given + 名词”作状语,常用于表示条件。又如:Given plenty of labour, the job will be completed on schedule. 如果提供充分的劳动力,这项工作就将准时完成。(若用 was 代替 will be,则前面的 Given 短语变为表示原因,句意就改为:由于提供了充分的劳动力,这项工作准时完成了。)
Considered as a building material, wood is neither strong nor cheap. 虽把木材看作是一种建筑材料,但它既不坚固又不便宜。(让步)
The metal or nonmetal is written first in the formula, followed by oxygen. 在化学式中先写金属或非金属,其后是氧。(方式状语)
The chemistry professor sat there surrounded by many students. 化学教授坐在那儿,有许多学生围着他。(方式或陪衬)
过去分词短语作状语,一般用逗号与句中其它成分隔开,但个别也有不用逗号的情况,如本句即是如此。
如果过去分词短语接在名词后面,前后有逗号,那么就必须根据上下文判别它是状语(条件、 方式、时间、原因等)还是非限制性定语。例如:
Sometimes a coarse wheel, properly used, gives a much better finish than the traditional fine wheel. 只要使用得当,有时一个粗砂轮比传统的细砂轮能提供远为更好的精细加工。(句中过去分词短语作状语。)
Our research group, led by Prof . Ouyang, is developing software. 我们研究小组在欧阳教授领导下正在开发软件。(同上)
The two companies, united by the common interest, have been supporting each other in the last five years. 这两个公司凭共同的利益联合在一起,在过去的五年中一直互相支持。
The new Law of Sea, discussed by many countries, will be brought into effect in the near future. 这个新的海洋法经过许多国家讨论后,将在不久的将来生效。
Chemical energy, stored in the ground in the form of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels, is the energy of greatest importance to the world. 化学能贮藏在地下的固态、液态或气态燃料内。它是对世界具有很重要意义的一种能量。(过去分词短语作非限制性定语。)
Ⅶ. “名词 + 过去分词”构成“主谓”结构或作表语、定语等用。
A. 用于构成“主谓”结构的三种情况:
(a) 独立分词(过去分词)结构:
This (being) done, we went home. 这件事做完后,我们就回家了。(时间)
The assembling of the machine (being) completed, I started operating it. 机器安装完毕,我就开始操作。
(b)“介词 + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。其中介词 with 和 without 尤为常见,一般用作状语或定语。
After much time spent, they solved all the problems. 花了许多时间以后,他们解出了所有的题。
This process is known as heat passed on by conduction. 这个过程称为通过传导的传热。
I work with the lamp lighted. 我亮着灯工作。(状语)
Without a word more spoken, they went away. 没有再说一句话,他们就走开了。(状语)
Atoms with the outer layer filled do not form compounds. 外层填满的原子不形成化合物。(定语)
China’s railway network has had a significant renovation with most trains’ running time altered and their speed raised. 中国铁路网已有了一次重大的改革,大多数火车运行时刻有变化而且车速提高。
B.“名词 + 过去分词”作表语、定语或被动态谓语组成部分。严格地说,这里名词作状语,用以表示方式、手段等。
This production process has been computer controlled. 这个生产过程已由计算机来控制了。(被动态谓语组成部分)
They turn out a lot of heat-treated plates everyday. 他们每天生产大量的经过热处理的钢板。(定语)
These trees were machine planted, and those (were) hand planted. 这些树是机器种植的,而那些树是人工种植的。(表语)
C. “名词 + 过去分词或其短语”作报刊标题等(参阅本专题第二项 Ⅶ)
Ⅶ. 过去分词作宾语补语。句中动词通常是感觉动词(see 看,find 发觉等)和使役动词(have 使,让;make 使;get 使得)等。例如:
They found Beijing greatly changed. 他们发觉北京大大地变了样。
We noticed these things changed. 我们注意到这些东西换掉了。
We were there ourselves and saw it done. 我们亲自在那儿,看着把那件事做好的。
When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood. 你说话,至少要让别人听懂。
He got (或 had) his high defination TV repaired (或 serviced). 他请人把他的高清晰度电视机修好了。
I consider the two wires as connected. 我认为这两根线接上了。
Ⅸ. 过去分词作主语补语:
They should be kept informed of this matter. 应该让他们知道这件事。(be informed of… 作“接到……的通 知”讲。)比较:We should keep them informed of this matter.(宾语补语)
The ingots can be seen rolled into aluminium foil in some plants. 在某些工厂里,可以看到这些铝锭被轧制成铝箔。比较:In some plants one can see the ingots rolled into aluminium foil.(宾语补语)
The glass rod was found electrified.(当时)发现那根玻璃棒带电了。
X. “when, if 或 unless 等 + 过去分词”是个省略句,从句中省略了与主句相同的主语及其相应的 be。例如:
The energy stored in the clock spring is released when needed. 钟的发条所贮藏的能量,在需要时就释放出来。
Anybody, when heated to a sufficient high temperature, becomes a source of light. 任何物体,当它被加热到足够的高温时,就变成了一种光源。
Suspension—a mixture that will separate if left to stand. 悬浮液是一种混合物,如果让它静置,它就会发生分离。
A body in motion remains in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. 若没有受到外力作用,运动的物体继续作匀速直线运动。
A beam of light will not bend round corners unless made to do so with the help of a reflecting device. 光束不能拐弯,除非借助于反射装置才能拐弯。(句中to do so… 为主语补语。)
Ⅺ. 某些过去分词转化为从句的连接词:
The machines will run well provided that they are greased in time. 这些机器只要及时上油,就会运转得很好。
Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you reach? 即使这是实际情况,你又能得到什么结论呢?
二、过去分词的用法判别和注意点
I. 过去分词前面为 have (或 has, had),本身又不作后面名词的定语,则过去分词用于各种完成时态(见第 135 节关于完成时的节选)。
II. 除上述情况以外,过去分词可作被动态谓语、定语、状 语、宾语补语、主语补语,但它始终具有被动态含义。
III. 过去分词的关键特点是被动态(除用于完成时态以外),可利用这一点来把过去分词和一般过去时区分开。例如:
The results obtained differed depending on the substance used. 所得到的结果取决于所用的物质而各不相同。
这里三个 -ed 中,第一、三个各与前面的名词有被动态关系,可视为作后置定语。differed 是不及物动词变来的,加上前后都没有名词,根本作不了定语。它在句中作谓语的过去时形式,无论从语法分析和逻辑意义看来,都特别合适。
Ⅳ. 注意个别的过去分词(多半是一些不及物动词)并不表示被动的意思,而是表示该动作完成后所表示的状态或景象。例如:
He is gone. 他不在这里了。(本句是 He has gone 后的现状。)
I saw the newly arrived chief engineer. 我见到了那位新到的总工程师。
Spring is come. 春满人间.
The leaves are fallen in the garden. 花园里叶落满地。类似的例子还有:returned students 归国留学生;retired workers 退休工人;the risen sun 升起了的太阳等
Ⅴ. 过去分词短语作定语,一般位于所修饰的名词后面。有时,有副词修饰过去分词时,过去分词短语仍可作名词的前置定语。例如:above mentioned rules(上述规则)等。同时还须注意 copperplated containers(镀有铜的容器)中那种过去分词短语的用法(详见本节一、Ⅴ-C)。单个过去分词作定语,可位于名词前面或后面。
Ⅵ. 过去分词或其短语作状语时多半前后打逗号,这时过去分词所表示的行为系与句中主语有关,但只是被动态关系。有时过去分词短语有逗号隔开,却是说明前面名词的定语;有时过去分词短语没有逗号隔开,却不是定语,而是状语,故必须进行逻辑判别。例如:
Water solutions of all acids can turn a certain natural dye, called litmus, from blue to red. 所有酸的水溶液,都能使称之为石蕊的某一种天然染料由蓝变红。(非限制性定语。联系 called litmus 前加 which is,就变为非限制性定语从句。)
The volume of all the molecules in a gas is very small compared with the volume of the gas itself at ordinary pressure. 气体中所有分子的体积,与常压下该气体本身的体积相比,是非常小的。(状语)
Ⅶ. 注意过去分词作后置定语时,后面又引出过去分词短语、不定式短语或从句的情况。
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions by weight. (composed… elements 说明 substance, chemically… weight elements.) 化合物是由两个或两个以上的元素所构成的物质,但这些元素是按一定的重量比例化合的。(直译为:化合物是由按一定重量比例化合的两个或两个以上的元素所构成的物质。)
A computer is an apparatus built to perform routine calculations with speed, reliability, and ease. 计算机是为了快速、可靠、容易地进行程序计算而制造出来的机器。
The thing formed when an element combines with oxygen is called oxide. 当一种元素同氧化合时所生成的东西就叫做氧化物。(从句说明 formed。)
The oxide Fe3O4 formed by burning iron in oxygen is different from the oxide Fe2O3 produced when iron rusts. 铁在氧中燃烧所生成的氧化物 Fe3O4,是和铁生锈时所产生的氧化物 Fe2O3 不同的。(从句说明 produced。)
Ⅷ. 注意“名词 + 过去分词短语”用作报刊和文章的标题
Air pollution called No.1 health enemy. 空气污染 —— 健康的头号敌人。
Investment shortage eased 投资短缺缓和。
Sparetime education promoted 业余教育获得发展。
US missile said to bring down Iraq plane.( 据悉)美国导弹击落伊拉克飞机。
Ⅸ:有时阅读科技文章中注释性的文字时,就得注意你看的是句子还是词组。例如在英文版科学辞典内常有这样一些文字:
Electrical Energy. The energy associated with electric charges and their movements. Measured in watt-hours or kilowatt-hours. One watt-hour equals 860 calories. 电能。由电荷和电荷运动结合而成的能量. 以瓦特小时或千瓦小时计量。1 瓦特小时等于 860 卡。
上段文字中第二部分不是一个句子,associated(结合)不是过去时形式,而是过去分词作 energy(能量)的定语。第三部分 measured(测量,计量)也不是过去时,而是过去分词。它与第二部分不同的,是把 measured 前的 energy 和 is 省略了。第四部分才是一个完整的句子。辞典为了节省篇幅,有时采用这样一种压缩文字的办法,因此我们在阅读时就要注意这种特殊情况,学会“对于具体情况作具体的分析”方法,广开思路,特别注意从意义上进行逻辑判断。
X. “being + 过去分词”的用法比较特殊,详见第 23 节。
Either 和 Either… or 的用法
一、形容词 either 作“两者中间任何一个的”讲
You may use either home computer. 这两台家用计算机你可以使用。(指两台家用计算机中任何一台而言。)
It can be done in either way. 可按这种方法做,也可按那种方法做。
He sat in the car with a student on either side of him. 他坐在汽车里,左右两边各有一个学生。
Take either half you like. They are exactly the same. 你喜欢那个就拿那个。这两个一半完全一样。(注意不要用 any 代替 either。三个以上供选择,则用 any 为妥。)
二、代词 either 作“两者之一”、“两者中间任何一方”讲
You may buy either of the mobile phones. 你可以买这两个移动电话中的任何一个 。
Either of these (two) words is correct. 这两个词(中任何一个)都正确。
We do not want either of the pagers. 这两个寻呼机我们都不要。(或译为“这两个寻呼机中任何一个我们都不要”。也可写成:We want neither of the pagers.)
注:当“either (或 neither) of + 复数名词”作主语时,其谓语按单数形式考虑。
但在口语中也有用谓语的复数形式。例如:Is (或 Are) either (或 neither) of the girls going to the net friend club? 这两个女孩都(或都不)准备去网友俱乐部吗?
三、副词 either 作“也”讲,用于否定句
He is not wrong, nor is Mr. Zhou either. 他没有错,周先生也没有错。(也可改为“… wrong and neither is Mr. Zhou.)
The child cannot speak, he cannot write, either. 这个小孩不会说话,也不会写。(这里第二部分也可改为:neither (或 nor) can he write.)
If he doesn't go, I won't go either. 如果他不去,那么我也不去。(第二部分也可改为 neither will I go.)
China will not be a superpower, not either or ever in the future. 中国不做超级大国,现在不做,将来也永远不做。
注:在肯定句中一般用 too,also 作“也”讲。否定句中用 either。在后一种情况下,若用 neither 作“也”讲,则句中谓语一般用肯定式。例如:
I don’t know either.
I know neither. 我也不知道。
四、连接词 either… or 作“或……或”、“是……还是……”、“不是……就是”讲
Either come in or go out. 或者进来,或者出去。
Do you speak either English or French? 你说英语还是法语?
Crude oil contains gases and solids either dissolved or dispersed. 原油含有气体和固体。这些气体和固体不是溶于其内便是分散于其内。
These electronic musical instruments were made either in Tianjin or in Beijing. 这些 电子乐器不是天津制造的,就是北京制造的。
In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 没有外力时,物体或者保持静止,或者继续作等速直线运动。
Current theories, either empirical or electronic, do not appear to account for this result. 现代的经验理论也好,电子理论也好,看来都不能解释这种结果。(本句可改为:Current theories, neither empirical nor electronic, appear to account for this result.)
It is wrong to regard our work either as totally good or as completely bad. 把我们的工作不是说成样样都好就是一无是处,这都是错误的。
I was advised either to telephone or to write to the hotel for reservations. 有人建议我或者打电话或者写信给旅馆预订房间。
Either he is right or I am. 或是他对,或是我对。(也可写成:Either he or I am right.)
Enough 的用法
一、形容词 enough 作“充足的”、“足够的”讲,作定语时,可位于所修饰的名词前后
The coal is enough for two years. 这些煤足供两年用。(表语)
We have enough time (或 time enough) to read the reference books. 我们有足够的时间阅读参考书。(定语)
The Smiths have enough money (或 money enough) for John to buy a car. 史密斯家有钱,足够给约翰买一辆汽车。(同上)
注:当 enough 所修饰的名词后面跟有较长的状语修饰时,enough 更宜于置于所修饰的名词后面(见上述第 2,3 句)。此外,若用形容词 sufficient 代替 enough 作定语时,则它只能位于所修饰的名词前面。
二、副词 enough 作“够”讲。它修饰形容词、副词或动词时,一般位于其后面
We were fortunate enough to get an empty car.(当时)我们运气够好,搞到了一辆空车。
When the molecules of a solid move fast enough, the solid melts and becomes a liquid. 当固体分子运动足够快时,固体就熔融并变为液体。
He has talked quite enough for today. 他今天说话说够了。
三、名词 enough 作“充足”、“足够”、“足够的东西”讲
Most people here have enough to eat and sufficient to put on。 这里大多数人都是丰衣足食。
I have had enough. Thank you. 我已经够了,谢谢您。
She has had enough of somebody (或 something). 她对某人(或某事)已感到腻烦而无法再容忍。(由“对……受够”引申过来。)
四、注意有时 enough 在句型“cannot… too much”中可代替其中的 too much。其实这是由“够了”引伸到具有“太多”或“多了”之意。
You cannot take enough (= too much) care. 你不论怎么小心,也不会过分。
He couldn't go back fast enough. 他恨不得马上回去。(原意为:我回去速度无论多快,都不可能算够快。)
注:应注意上下文和语序,下面句子就不属于本句型:He has lived in London for ten years,but strangely enough he can't speak English. 他在伦敦住了十年,但够奇怪的是他不会讲英语。(插入语)
五、enough 的其它用法
Ten yards of carpet will be enough and to spare. 十码地毯将绰绰有余。
I was fool enough to believe. 我(当时)傻到信以为真。
I was enough of a fool not to think of that. 我真傻到没有想到那件事。
He said he would come, and sure enough he came. 他说要来,后来果然来了。
That’s enough of this nonsense. 一派胡言(已经)够了!
Ever 的用法
一、副词 ever 作“曾经”、“以往”、“在任何时候”讲,通常用于一般疑问句、否定句、条件句中或用于最高级形容词后面的定语从句中,有时也用于进行比较的句中
Have you ever been to Tianjin?你曾经去过天津吗?
Did you ever see such a design while you were in Beijing? 当你在北京时,你见过这样的设计吗?
No one has ever done so before. 从来没有人这样做过。
If you ever happen to go to Beijing, you must bring us those English books. 如果你有机会去北京,一定给我们带来那些英语书。
She is one of the very best girl-students I ever have met. 她是我见到的最最好的女学生之一。
Can the best student become better than ever? 最好的学生还能比以前更好吗?
二、ever 用于将来发生的动作,表示强调的意思
Please don't ever do that again! 请绝对不要再做那件事了。(祈使句常表示将来动作。)
She won't ever speak of it any more. 她决不会再讲这件事。
If you ever see George, give him my kind regards. 如果你将来某时见到乔治,请代我向他问好。(当主句为将来时或用祈使句表示将来时态时,条件或时间状语从句内的现在时态实际上表示将来时。)
三、ever 用于表示目前的习惯性动作或状态
It is ever thus. 常常如此。
I hardly ever see him nowadays. 这些日子我一直很少见到他。
Do you ever go to concerts? 你有时去音乐会吗?
四、有时站在过去观点谈将来的情况
He nearly despaired of ever reaching the top. 他那时对于达到顶峰几乎丧失了信心。
五、在疑问句中,疑问词 how, what, where, when, which 或 who + ever 作“究竟如何、究竟什么、究竟何处、究竟何时、究竟哪个或哪些、究竟谁”讲;还常可连写为 however, whatever, wherever, whenever, whichever, whoever
How ever (= However) did he get out of debt? 他究竟怎样摆脱债务的?
What ever (= Whatever) was meant by his proposal? 当时他的提案的意思究竟指什么?
Where ever (= Wherever) did you find the lost gold watch? 你究竟在哪里找到这块丢失的金表的?
Who ever (= whoever) did that? 究竟是谁干了那件事?
Which ever (= Whichever) did he choose? 他究竟挑选了哪个?
When ever (= whenever) did you see her? 你究竟何时见到她的?
注:上述六句中的 ever 在非正式文体中还可以用 on earth, in the world, the hell, the devil 或 the dickens 来代替。
六、带有 ever 的一些常用词组用法举例
We are determined to move forward for ever. 我们决心永远向前迈进。(也可用 forever 代替 for ever.)
He hardly ever looks up a word. 他难得查一个词。
She scarcely ever saw such a thing. 她几乎从未见过这样的东西。
She scarcely ever comes here now. 她现在难得来这里了。
This alloy is ever so strong. 这种合金非常坚固。
He has been keeping up his study ever since he began in 1958. 自从 1958 年开始以来他一直坚持学习。
Work as hard as ever you can. 尽可能努力工作吧!
-ever 构成的合成词的用法和判别 Whoever, Whichever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However
以 -ever 构成的合成词在科技文章中常见的如下:
whoever 谁都……;无论谁
whichever 随便哪个;无论哪个
whatever 凡是……的;无论什么
whenever 随时;无论什么时候
wherever 无论哪里;无论到哪里
however 无论;可是
一、基本用法
ever 本是一个加强语气的词,这里作为词的后缀加于疑问词之后,不仅使疑问词语气有所加强(参阅第 40 节、五),而且也可变为具有让步含义,用于引出让步状语从句(参阅下面第 Ⅱ 项)。如从句中带有情态动词 may,也可表示一种可能性。-ever 引出的从句还可用作名词从句。现分别叙述如下:
I. 引出名词从句:
Who ever has eyes can see what great achievements we have made in the past 25 years. 凡是有眼的人都能看到我们过去25年所取得的巨大成就。(主语从句)
You may give the used car to whoever wants it. 你可以将这辆旧汽车送给任何要这辆车的人。(介词 to 后的宾语从句)
We were ready to do whatever our mother wanted us to do. 当时母亲要我们干什么。我们就准备干什么。(todo 的宾语从句)
What ever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。(主语从句)
You may take whichever book will interest you. 哪本书你感兴趣,你就可以拿哪本书。(宾语从句)
He may write about whatever subject deals with test-tube babies. 他可写涉及试管婴孩的任何题目。(介词宾语从句)
Whichever comes first may have enough time to do this experiment. 无论哪个先来,他就可以有足够时间做这个实验。(主语从句)
II. 引出让步状语从句:
Whoever you may be, you have no right to do such a thing. 不论你是谁,你都无权做这种事。(可省略 may。)
Whatever the reason maybe, the fact remains. 不论什么理由,事实依然变。(同上)
Whatever happens (或 may happen), we will not change our plan. 不管发生什么事,我们决不改变计划。
Whatever shape of a body may be, it is always possible to find out its volume. 不管物体形状如何,总是能求出它的体积的。
You must finish this experiment today, whichever way you do it. 不管你用什么方法,这个实验你务必于今天做完。
However perfect a pager is today, it will become outmoded in the future. 不管今天寻呼机如何完善,它在将来仍将变为过时。
Whenever our motherland needs me, I will respond to her call. 无论什么时候,只要祖国需要我,我就一定响应祖国的号召。
Wherever you go, you will always find the same thing. 不论你去哪里,你总会发现同样的事情。
It is a difficulty to be avoided wherever (it is) possible. 这是无论在哪里都要尽可能避免的困难。
It is a very fine house, whomever it belongs to. 这是一个好房子,不管它是属于谁的。(在口语中也可用 whoever 代替 whomever。)
注:以上各句可用“no matter + 相应的疑问词”构成另一结构类型的让步状语从句代之,而句义相同。
注意 whatever 等词引出的让步从句内的 may 有时可省略(见上面第 1,2 句)。此外,如果改用 “may have + 过去分词“,则表示过去的动作。例如:
The meeting was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been. 不管(当时)准备得如何不充分,但是这个会开得还是成功的。
He had to continue to study hard, whatever progress he may have made.(当时)不论他进步多大,他仍须继续努力学习。
III. 引出具有强调语气的时间、地点、方式状语从句:
Wherever there is plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green. 哪里阳光雨水充足,哪里的田野就绿油油的。(地点状语从句)
Whenever people say that sort of thing, you know they don't mean cloning technology. 每当人们说那种事时,你知道他们并不是指克隆技术而言的。(时间状语从句)
You may solve the problem whichever way you like. 哪种方法你喜欢,就用哪种方法解这道题。(方式状语从句)
He goes there whenever he has time. 他一有时间就到那儿去。(时间状语从句)
We will go wherever our service is needed in our motherland. 在祖国境内,需要我们到哪里服务,我们就去哪里。(地点状语从句)
Ⅳ. however 作“可是”、“不过”讲,作插入语用;有时作连词。例如:
However, we will look into the matter later. 不过我们以后还要调查这件事。(插入语)
Kerosene molecules, however, have longer carbon chains than gasoline molecules. 可是煤油的分子比汽油分 子具有更长的碳链。(插入语)
He said that it was so; however, he was mistaken. 他说这是如此;可是他错了。(连词)
Ⅴ. 在疑问句中 however, whatever, wherever, whenever, whichever, whoever 作“究竟如何、究竟什么、究竟何处、究竟何时、究竟哪个(或哪些)、究竟谁”讲。注意其中 ever 还可分出来单独写。详见第 40 节、五。
二、判别时的几个注意点
I. 如何判别 whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的从句是名词性从句还是让步从句。
当 whatever 等词引导名词性从句时,主句中一定有一个成分(主语、宾语或介词宾语)要由从句来顶替,故从句和主句之间多半就没有逗号。例如:
Whatever we do should be in keeping with our plan. 那时凡是我们所做的,都应和我们的计划相一致。(顶主句的主语)
We will do whatever the people think necessary. 凡是人民认为需要做的事,我们就要去做。(顶主句的宾语)
He succeeded in whatever he undertook. 那时凡是他所承担的事情,他都成功了。(顶主句中介词的宾语)
With the development of modern electrical engineering, we can transmit power to wherever it is needed. 随着现代电力工程的发展,我们能把电力输送到需要电力的任何地方。(顶主句中介词 to 的宾语)
Whoever did it made a mistake. 当时无论谁做此事,就犯了错误。(顶主句的主语)
II. whatever 在让步从句中作表语用时,可以省略 be。
Friction always opposes the motion, whatever its direction. 不论方向如何,摩擦总是阻碍运动的。
III. 注意 whatever 作定语用时的两种词序。
whatever 可以修饰名词(见下面第 1 句),作“无论怎样的”讲,但修饰 any 或当前面有否定词时,则 whatever 就放在所修饰的词的后面(见下面第 2、3、4、5 句)。
Whatever weather it is, we will carry out this test. 不管天气怎样(原意为“不管什么样的天气”),我们一定要进行这个试验。
We cannot see anyone whatever. 无论什么样的人我们也看不见。
No one whatever would design those old-fashioned machines. 无论谁也不会去设计那些老式机器。
There is no doubt whatever about that. 关于那件事绝无疑义。
In mechanics the word "resistance" is generally used to mean anything whatever that tends to oppose motion. 在力学中,“阻力“这个词一般用来指凡是趋向于阻碍运动的任何作用而言。
Except 和介词 But 用法比较
这里讨论的 but 仅作“除……以外”讲,不涉及 but 其它词义的用法。
介词 but 和 except 用法差别如下:
All succeeded except him. 除了他,所有人都成功了。(如果句末部分挪到句首,则必须用 Except for him。详见第 30 节 But 专题。由于出现 all,可用 All but he [或 him] 代替。)
There is nothing on the table but a credit card. 桌子上除了有一张信用卡以外,别无它物。(在否定句中 but 可用 except 或 besides 代替。)
a. He didn't know where the net friend club was, except that it was near the railway station.(当时)他不知道网友俱乐部在哪里,只知道它在火车站附近。(连词 that 引出介词宾语从句。不宜用 but 代替 except。)
b. She knew nothing but (或 except) that we would soon come here.(当时)她只知道我们很快来这里。(因为有 nothing, 使 but 和 except 可互换。)
He has travelled every where but in this part of the country. 在这个国家里,除了这一部分以外,他已是到处游遍了。(句中也可用 except 代替 but,因前面出现 everywhere。参阅第 30 节 But 专题第二项。)
I could do nothing but (或 except) wait for the experts to arrive. 我无能为力,只有等待专家到来。( 注意 but 或 except 在前面出现 nothing 时常可互相替代。由于前面出现动词 do,后面不定式 wait 前不必带 to。)
It is too late. We have no choice but (或 except) to stay here. 太晚了。我们别无选择,只有呆在这里。(在否定句中 but 和 except 一般可互代。)
Now there is nothing they could do except (或 but) give up this idea. 现在他们能做的只能是放弃这个想法。(同上)
He knows nothing but (或 except) the mathematics. 他只知道数学。(用法同上句。本句原意为:除了数学,他什么都不知道。)
His work is anything but excellent. 他的工作一点也不好。(不宜用 except 代替 but,因 except 后不用形容词。)
He is nothing but a teacher. 他只是一名教师。(句中 nothing but 系固定词组。)
注 1:如果上下文出现 all, everyone, everything, nothing, no + 名词, anything, nowhere, anywhere, everywhere 等之类的词,并且 except 后出现的是名词,代词、动词不定式时,一般就可用 but 替代。但固定词组 be nothing but…(只不过,仅仅是…)或 be anything but…(决不是…)中的 but,尤其后者还可容许用形容词,则也不宜用 except 代替 but(见上例 9)。但 nothing but that 接宾语从句,可用 except that 接宾语从句代替(详见第 3 句 b 例)。在其它情况下,两者一般也都不宜互相替换。
注 2:在 except 和 but 后接动词不定式或其短语时,尤其当前面出现相应的动词 do 时,通常不定式前都不带 to。可对比上面第 5、6 句。
注 3:参阅第 14 节第四项 Apart from, Besides, Except, But 用法比较。
First 的用法
一、first 作序数词或形容词用,“第一”、“最初的”、“头几个”讲
We shall go to Beijing by highway on the first of May. 我们将于 5 月 1 日由高速公路去北京。
The first thing for him to do is to repair the video telephone set. 他要做的第一件事是修理这个可视电话机。
I was among the first to arrive. 我属于第一批到达者的行列。
She won first place in the race. 她在比赛中获得第一名。(表示名次时,前面的定冠词常不用。)
a. This is the first time (that) I have heard of it. 这是我第一次听说这件事。(that 引出的从句中必须用现在完成时。若主句中谓语为 was,则从句内用过去完成时。详见下句。)
b. That was the first time they had been alone together. 那是他们第一次单独在一起。
They haven't the first idea what it means. 他们丝毫不知道这是什么意思。(这里 the first… 作“最初的一点点”讲,用于否定句。)
二、副词 "first" 作“先”、“初步”、“开始时”讲
To answer this question, we must first consider a few factors. 为了回答这个问题,我们必须先考虑几个因素。
This air is usually dried by first cooling it to a low temperatures, the water condensing out in the form of ice. 这种空气的干燥一般通过先把它冷却到低温来进行,结果水凝结成冰。
First think and then speak. 先考虑后说话。(注意 first… and then 前后呼应的用法。)
Women and children first. 首先是妇女和儿童。(谦让时用语)
She lived in Beijing first and last about ten years. 她在北京前后一共住了十年左右。
三、和 first 搭配的常用短语
at first 起初,(at) first hand 直接地,第一手地;at first sight (或 glance, appearance)乍一看;first and foremost = first of all = first off (后者主要用于口语中) = (the) first thing (in the morning) = in the first place 首先;for the first time 第一次[常作状语];from the (very) first 从一开始,from first to last 从头到尾; first (或 firstly), secondly, thirdly… 第一,第二,第三…
For 的用法及其短语分类理解
介词 for 的基本意思之一是“为了…”,在与不同的动词连用时可引申为“为了…目的”、“往某目的地”、“供或当作…用”等含义。当它和有关动词搭配时可引申为“找、搜索、探索…”等或多种多样的“渴望…”意思。for… 又可表示持续的时间或距离等。在不同上下文中 for 还有多种用法。只要抓住它几个基本用法,就不难于领会英语本义。
一、for… 表示走向的“目的地”时的动词短语汇总
change for… 换(或倒)车去某地;depart for… 出发去某地;head for… 走向某地;驶往某地;leave for… 动身去某地;make for… 走向某地;pull for…(船等)向某地驶去;sail for… 乘船驶往某地;set off(或 out)for… 出发(或动身)赴某地;move off for…(战士)出发去(某地);set sail for… 驶往某地或扬帆开往某地;start for… 启程赴某地;start out (或 off) for… 出发去某地;take off for… 到(乡下即 the country)去;swim for… 向(某地)游去;strike out for… 使劲地向某地走(或游)去等
二、for 表示“要什么”中的“要”或“要求得到…”的含义,而相搭配的动词表示通过什么动作或方式(以求得到…)
advertise for… 登广告招聘(某人)或寻找(某物);appeal for… 呼吁或恳求得到(援助、支持等);apply for… 申请得到(钱、接见等);bargain for sth. 为得到某物而讨价还价或期待某物;call for… 需要(某人、资金、耐心等)[系由“喊叫要某人、某物”引申过来];change (或 exchange) A for B 用 A 去换来(或交换到)B;come for…(我)来取(邮件等)或来找(某人等);cry for… 哭喊着要(妈妈、玩具等)或迫切需要(帮助等);feel for…(黑暗中)摸着寻找(电灯开关等);fish for…钓或捕(一些鱼等),间接打听(消息等)[钓鱼时,江河中的鱼一般是看不见的,因此有摸索的含义。“间接打听…”和“寻找…”系由上述钓鱼或捕鱼的形象化动作引申而来];go for… 去取(书等),去请(医生等),去(散步即 a walk),支持(民主即 democracy 等);hunt for (或 after)… 寻找(某人、工作、书等)[由“追猎…“转意为”寻找…“];inquire for… 要求见(某人),(在商店)订购(货物等);lay for… 伺机夺取(某城市等),埋伏等待(某人);look for… 寻找(某人、某物)[由”通过看去得到…”引申过来];pay for… 付(钱等)得到(书、房子等);press for 迫切要求(调查、帮助等);push for… 争取(好的工作条件、高收入等);reach for (或 after)… 伸手去取(铅笔、帽子等);seek for (或after)… 试图找到(某人、某物);search for… 探求(真理即 the truth);sell… for… 卖掉(旧车)换(新车);send for… 派人请(医生等),去取(某物),订购(书刊);settle for…(某人出售物品时)定价要(某一钱数),trade A for B 做以 A 换 B 的贸易;try for (或 after)… 力争获得(奖即 the prize 或某工作等);want for… 短缺(钱、食物等)[由“短缺某物而要…”引申过来]等
注:但是 substitute A for B 却作“以 A 代替 B”,跟上面的 change, exchange, sell 和 trade 用法不同。
三、for 也表示“要”,但含有“渴望”等之意时的动词短语举例
expect for a visit to China (或 sb. 等) 期待或渴望访问中国(或某人等);wish for… 渴望(和平等);hope for… 渴望(成功即 success);be dying for … 渴望(水、面包等)[注意要用进行时。若用一般过去时如 He died for his motherland,则作“他为国捐躯”讲];gasp for… 极力想要获得(消息等)[由 gasp 本意“喘着气要空气那样急迫地渴望某物“引申过来,常用进行时];press for… 迫切需要或渴望(解决即 solution 或回音即 an answer);hunger (或 be hungry) for… 如饥似渴地希望得到…,渴望得到(消息、食物、钱等)[使用 be hungry for… 表示心理状态];be eager for… 渴望(成功即 success);long for… 渴望(幸福即 happiness)[由“久久地盼望得到…”引申过来];thirst (或be thirsty) for… 渴望得到(水、书、独立、知识等)[使用 be thirsty for…,则表示渴望的心理状态]等
四、for… 表示“为了……”之意时的动词短语举例
act for sb. 为某人办事或代理某人办事;aim for…(某国等)旨在或力求(20,000 万吨钢等)目标;argue for sb. 为某人某事争辩;arrange (v.) for… 为(我们)安排(一次会议即 a meeting),安排(学生)乘车去俱乐部[the students 后接 to be driven to the club];budget for sth.(或 -ing 短语)为(明年或买新车等)作预算;enter for… 报名参加(考试即the exam);prepare for… 为(考试等)作准备;provide for… 为(将来、某些困难等)作准备[当主语为某法案、某条款等时,则作“规定(最终期限)”讲];read for… 攻读(学位即 a degree);reserve… for sb. 为某人保留(或预订)(机票、 房间等);sit for… 参加(英语考试等)[由“为了英语考试而坐着”之意引申过来];speak for sb. 为某人讲话,为某人辩护[但有时作讲话支持或赞成(某提案等)讲];stay for… 留下来(吃饭即 a meal)[由“为了一顿饭而留下”引申过来];struggle for… 为了(世界和平等)而斗争;wait for… 等待(某人或某物)等
五、介词短语 for… 表示时限或距离
She stayed here for two weeks. 她在这里逗留了两周。
The passport is valid for five years. 护照五年有效。
He has studied at Nankai University for four years. 他在南开大学已学了四年。
I haven't seen him for years. 我多年未见到他了。
He runs for two kilometers every morning. 他每天早晨跑两公里路。
六、for… 表示原因或理由时的动词短语汇总
be famous (或 famed, remarkable well-known, distinguished) for…(牛顿)以(他的三个定律即 his three laws)著称,(这个地区即 this area)以(煤和石油)闻名;be grateful for…(我)感谢(您给予考虑即 your consideration);be thankful for…(我们)感谢(他的帮助即 his help),(她)对(她的良好健康即 her good health)而感到欣慰;be sorry for… (我)为(此即 it)抱歉,(我)替(你)难过;feel sorry for…(我)为(给您添不少麻烦即 giving you so much trouble)而感到抱歉,(我们)为(他处境很困难即 him in his great trouble)而感到遗憾;apologize for sth.(或动名词短语)因为某事(如迟到等)而道歉;arrest sb. for sth. 因为某事而逮捕某人;award sb. for sth.(或动名词短语)因为…而奖励某人;blame sb. for sth. 因为某事而责怪某人;charge sb. some money for sth.(或动名词短语)因为某事索取某人若干钱;criticize sb. for sth.(或动名词短语)因为某事而批评某人;excuse(或 forgive)for sth. 原谅(或宽恕)某人(迟到即 being late);praise sb. for sth. 因为某事而表扬某人;punish sb. for sth.(或动名词短语)因为某事(或偷东西等)而惩罚某人:reward sb. for sth.(或动名词短语)因为某事(或修表)等而给某人报酬;thank sb. for sth.(或动名词短语)因为某事(或帮助我们等)而感谢某人等
七、连词 for 引出具有原因意味的并列分句,但它和 because 引出的原因状语从句的用法不甚相同
Steel is widely used in engineering, for its properties are most suitable for construction purposes. 钢广泛地用于工程中,因为钢的性能非常适合于建筑使用。
The oil must be out, for the lamp has gone out. 油准是用完了,因为灯灭了。
He studies hard, for he wants to serve the people better. 他努力学习,因为他想更好地为人民服务。
注:通常认为这里 for 引出并列分句。汉语则仍译为“因为”。但原因含义不如 because, since 和 as, 只是附带地对前面的事实给以说明或解释而已。for 引导的分句只能放在全句后部,有时可单独成一个句子。例如:Even cities and towns that have plenty of water may not have a good water supply. For the water may not be fit to use. 甚至有些水源丰富的城镇可能没有好水供应,因为拥有的水可能不适于使用。
八、for… 表示“对…”之意时的动词短语汇总
allow for… 考虑到或顾及(例外情况,特殊困难等)[系由”对…有所考虑或体谅”引申过来];answer for… 对(某种行为等)负责或对…作出交代;care for… 对(音乐、某人等)喜欢,对(病人等)照料,关心(我们的安全即 our safety);想要(冰淇淋即ice cream);engage for… 对(某人要求等)允诺或保证;estimate for… 对(某种修理等)估计费用;fear for… 对(或为)某人某事担忧;go for sb.(这些书)对某人适用[注意上下文. 若为 I go for a doctor 则为“我去请医生”];have a fondness for… 对某人钟爱或宠爱,爱(花等);have a love for sb. 对某人(如母亲)有爱心;have a liking for sth. 对… 有嗜好;have an inclination for sth. 对… 有爱好;have respect for sb. 对某人尊敬;have a talent(或a gift) for… 对…有天才 ;feel sympathy for sb. 对某人同情;be responsible for…(我们)对(你们的安全即 your safety)负责,(她)负责(这项研究),(过高的温度)是(事故即 the accident)的原因;want for… 缺… [系由“对(如煤、粮等)很需要”引申过来]等
九、介词 for 短语在句首单独出现多半作“就…而论”或“…来说”讲
(除了单纯用 for 构成的固定介词短语以外)
For scenery, there is no place like Guilin in China. 就景色而论,中国桂林首屈一指。
For my part, I don't agree with you on this point. 就我来讲,在这点上我不同意你的看法。
For one thing, she studies hard. 举一例,她学习努力。(由“就一件事来说”引申过来。)
十、单纯用介词 for 的常用短语举例
for his experience (或 efforts 等) 尽管他有经验(或努力等);For all that, we still believe her. 尽管如此,我们仍然相信她的话;for example (或 for instance) 例如[作插入语用];for fear of + 名词或 for fear that + 从句惟恐…,担心…;for sure = for certain 肯定地;for ever = forever 永远;for all that 尽管如此;for good (and all) 长期地,永远地;for his (own) good为他自己好;for once 总算有一次,生平第一次;for lease (或 rent, sale) 供租借(或租用、出售);for the purpose + -ing 为了(去北京即 going to Beijing);for short 简称;for the first time 第一次;for the best 往好的变;for the sake of… 为了(友谊即 the friendship);word for word 逐字逐句地;point few point 逐条逐点地等
十一、for 表示“赞成、支持或同情”之意时的动词短语汇总
ache for sb. 对某人表示同情(有“疼某人”之意);argue (或 speak) for sb. 为某人争辩(或说好话)[表示支持某人];declare for sth. 声明赞成…(如和平、中立等);feel (pity) for sb. 对某人表示同 情;stand for… 提倡或主张(公平交易即 fair trading);vote for… 投票赞成(某人或某建议)be for… 赞成…(如计划等)(但当主语为信件、书等而 for 后的词为某人时,则句义变为“这信件、书等是给某人的”)等
十二、for… 含有“当作”、“认作”、“代表”、“代替”之意时的动词短语举例
go for…(这个房间等)可当作(会议室等);mistake… for… 把…错当成……;pass for…(某些人)被认为是(学者即scholars),(这样的一种料子即 such a material)被认为是(丝绸即 silk);serve for… 当作(燃料、床等)用;stand for… 代表(政府、温度等);take… for… 把(某人或某物)错当作(日本人或辞典等);take… for granted 把(某人或某事)认(作)为理所当然的等
注:有时 do for… 中的 for 当“作为”讲。例如:This box may do for table. 这个箱子可以权且当一张桌子用。
十三、用介词 for 引出后面不定式或其短语的逻辑主体,参阅第 53 节第三项。
Forth 的搭配用法
副词 forth 表示“往外”、“外出、离家”和“向前”。与 out 词义接近,远不如 out 用得那么广泛。forth 在其常用动词短语中多数含有“向外”、“由隐而显”之意,较多用于书面语。
一、forth 跟有关动询连用时表示“往外”、“由隐而显”时的动词短语举例
blossom forth (或 out).(玫瑰即 roses)开花;
bring forth…(他)提出(问题、证据即 evidence),(这棵树)结出(苹果即 apples),(她)生(孩子);
break forth(欢呼声即 cheers)顿时雷动,(他的怒火即 his anger)突然爆发;
call forth (或 out)…(他的讲话即 his speech)引起(热烈的讨论即 a heated discussion);
give forth (或 out)…(旧的工厂)冒出(黑烟即 black smoke);
be given forth (或 out)(这个报告即 the report)已经发表[用现在完成时被动态];
put forth (或 out)…(她)伸出(手),(树)长出(新的叶子即 new leaves),(他)提出(一个计划)[也可用 put forward a plan 代替],出版(一本书)[put forth 另外用法见下面第二项];
send forth… 寄发(书、信),长出(新的叶子),发出(光、热、声音),出版发行(书等),发布(命令即 a command);
set forth (或 out, forward)…(他)提出(新的理论即 a new theory);
shoot forth(或 out)(叶子)茁壮抽出,向外射击等
二、forth 跟有关动词搭配表示“外出、离家”时的动词短语举例
come (或 issue) forth from…(领导人即 the leaders)从(城堡即 the castle)出来;
come forth with a new idea(他)提出一个新的想法;
go forth〈书面语〉(军队)出发去打仗[后加 to battle],(学生)启程旅行[后加 on his journey],(命令即 a command)被发布[用过去一般时。也可用 be sent forth 代替];
be cast forth (或 out)(某人)被赶出门或被发配边疆;
launch forth (或 out)(他们)出航或出海,(她)启航去日本旅行[后加 on a journey to Japan];
put forth (或 out)(他)启程航海[后加 to sea 或 on a voyage],(这条船)出航(横渡大洋即 to cross the ocean);
set forth(他)出发去上海[后加 for Shanghai]等
三、forth 作“向前”讲时的其它常用短语
pace (或 go) back and forth 来回踱步(或走动);
run (或 come) forth 向前跑(或来);
learn French, English, chemistry and so forth (或 and so on) 学习法语、英语、化学等;
hurry forth 匆匆前来等
Forward(s) 的搭配用法
一、副词 forward(s) 作“向前”、“往前”讲,可单独使用,但较常用于 固定短语。可按上述两个含义理解和记忆下列短语
bring forward… 提出(问题等)[可用 advance… put forward…, set forth…. put forth… 代替];
bring forward… to… 把(会议、钟表等)提前或拨快到(某日期或某时刻),把(如某笔款子等)转入(第 100 页等);
call forward sb. 邀请或吩咐某人站出来[如目的是让某人领奖品等];
carry forward… 发扬或推进(优良的传统即 the good traditions 等);
carry forward… to… 把(会议)提前到(某日期等)或将(某笔款子)转到(第 100 页);
come forward(志愿者即 volunteers)站出来,(某问题等)自然出现或被提出讨论;
get forward(战士等)前进;
get sth. forward to sb. 把(某物)送给某人;
go forward(军队等)向前挺进,(某人)取得进步,(工作等)有进展,(建议、论点等)被提出;
hasten forward 急忙前去;hurry forward (或 on, along) 匆忙前去;
lean forward(我)身子向前靠[如目的为了握手或倾听某人讲话];
look forward to + 名词或动名词盼望(某事或见到某人等);
move forward(谈判等)有进展;
press forward 奋力前进[其反义短语为 draw back倒退];
push (vi., vt. ) forward 向前推进,推动(社会等)前进;
put forward… 提出(理论或问题等),推举(某人等),把(照片、护照等)拿给某人看[后加 to sb. ];
run forward 往前奔跑;
set (vi., vt.) forward(他们)出发(我)提出(建议、问题等),把(钟表)拨快(一小时)等
二、形容词 forward 作“向前的”、“前面的”、“早到”、“早成熟”、“进展快”、“热切的”、“愿意”、“随便”、“自以为是’’等含义。前七个词义中还领会到 forward 的本义“积极向前”,而最 后两个词义则可理解为它的贬义,变为“自以为是”和“随便”。但在具体短语中理解时,必须依靠上下文选择词义
a forward motion 一个向前的运动;
the forward path 前面的小路;
the forward spring 早到的春天;
the forward wheat 早熟的麦子;
be well forward with one’s work(某人)工作进展快;
be always forward (=be ready) to help others 总是乐意(或热心)帮助他人;
a very forward man 一个很随便的(或自以为是的)男人等
三、及物动词 forward 作“促进(某个计划等)、促使(植物等)生长、寄发…邮件、货物等或(从北京)转来(信件等)[后接 from Beijing]”讲。在这里仍可体会到含有 forward 的本义
From 的搭配用法及其短语分类理解
一、用 "from…" 或 "from… to (或 till)…" 表示时间的用法举例
from March 从三月起;
from now on (或 onward(s)) 从今以后;
from long ago 从很久以前开始;
from the very beginning (或 start) 从一开始;
from before the war 从战前起;
from when I began to learn English 从我开始学英语起;
from beginning to end 或 from start to finish 自始至终;
from morning till (或 to) night 从早到晚;
from 1992 through 1999 从 1992 年到 1999 年底;
from Monday through Friday 从星期一到星期五[强调包括星期五];
from day (或 year) to day (或 year) 一天(或年)一天(或年)地[也可用 from one day (或 year) to another, day (或 year) by day (或 year), day (或 year) after day (或 year) 来代替];
have from two to four English classes a day 每天上两到四节英语课等
二、from 短语表示地点时与动词搭配用例
fall from… (杯子即 the cup) 从(桌子)上掉下;
flow from…(泪水即 the tears)从(他眼即 his eyes)流出,(财富即 wealth)来自(高科技即 high technologies);
come from…(我)是(北京)人[用现在一般时],(她)从(北京)来[用过去一般时],(他们)来自(世界各地即 all over 或 around the world)[用过去一般时],(她)来自(郊外即 out of town)[同上];
go from…(火车)从(这里即 here 或这个车站即 this railway station)出发,(小孩)从(门背后即 behind the door)走出;
run from across the road 从马路对面跑过来;
be across from our supermarket(这家公司即 the firm)位于超市对面;
take oil from below the surface of the earth 从地球表层下方采油;
open the door from within 从里面将门打开;
The tooth often decays from without 牙齿常是从外面蛀坏的。
travel from… to… 从(天津)旅行到(上海)等
注:从上述例子中可看出,介词 from 后面还可和其它介词短语或副词连用。
三、注意 from head to foot(从头到脚),from door to door 或 from one door to another(挨门挨户)之类的短语用法
visit old people from house to house (或 from one house to another)(我们)挨家挨户访问老人;
be going from good to better(投资环境即 the investment environment)越来越好;
pass (或 hand) down this custom from generation to generation 将这个习俗一代一代地传下去;
teach English from place to place (他)在各地教英语;
vary from country to country (天气即 the weather) 随不同国家而异;
change… from one state to another 使(水)从一种状态变为另一种状态等
四、from 短语表示“离…多远”时的用法举例
He is far away from Shanghai. 他远离上海(可省略 away);
be 10 kilometers from…(学校)离(这里即 here)十公里;
be 8 minutes’ walk (或 drive) from…(学 校)离(高速公路即 the express way)是步行(或开车)8 分钟的距离;
be far from + 形容词或 -ing 短语(这个想法即 this idea)远远不是(正确的即 correct),(他)根本不是(那样做的即 doing like that);
be distant from…(太阳)离(地球)很远;
keep apart from…(她)离群[后加 the group],(他)不参与(那些活动即 those activities)等
注 1:apart (或 aside) from… 还可作“除了…以外”讲。例如:
1) Apart (或 Aside) from the ball pen, my mother gave me an electronic dictionary. 除了这支圆珠笔以外,母亲还给了我一个电子辞典。(在肯定句内还可用 besides 或 in addition to 代替 apart from。)
2) There is nothing apart (或 aside) from a beeper on the desk. 书桌上除了一个寻呼机以外,其它什么都没有。(在这个否定句内还可用 besides, except, but 来代替 apart from。)
注 2:常用“表示距离的词语 + 介词 off…”表示离道路、海岸、港口、火车站有多远。例如:
1) The cargo ship lies one kilometer off the shore. 这条货船停泊在离海岸 1 公里处。
2) The computer center is two blocks off our school. 计算机中心离我校两个街区。
五、from 与有关动词搭配,表示“来源”时的用法举例
be from…(他)出身(工人家庭即 a worker’s family),(这些礼物即 these gifts)来自(我的儿女);
expect a great progress from sb. 期望某人有很大进步;
visit some professors from Europe 访问来自欧洲的几位教授;
borrow… from… 从(某人或图书馆)借来(书等);
get (或 obtain.) some information from sb. 从某人那里得到一些信息;
graduate from… 毕业于(上海大学);
hear from sb. 收到某人的信等;
be formed from…(煤)由(植物即 plants)形成;
be made from…(啤酒即 beer)由(大米即 rice 等)制成[但桌子由木制成、只能用“be made of…”结构,因桌子和木之间无实质性的变化,即两者仍是木质的]等
六、from 与有关动词搭配,表示原因时的用法举例
arise from…(经济快速发展即 the rapid development of economy)由(高科技)引起,(困难)由(洪水即 the flood)造成;
die from… 因(心脏病发作即 the heart attack)而去世;
fall ill from… 由于(流感即flu)卧床不起;
feel tired from working day and night 由于日夜工作而感到疲劳;
act from necessity 出于需要而采取行动;
result from…(成功即 the success)由(正确的政策即 the correct policy)产生的;
turn off the microwave oven from safety(他)出于安全关闭了微波炉[用过去一般时]等
七、from 短语表示“从…中来看或判断、根据…”时的用法举例
from my view point 根据我的观点;
from his appearance 从他的外表来看;
from her look 根据她的脸色来看;
from what they have heard 根据他们收听到的内容来看;
judge from (或 by) his talk 根据他的讲话来判断;
sing the song from memory 凭记忆演唱这支歌;
operate a machine from experience(他)凭经验操作一台机器等
八、from… 跟有关动词或形容词搭配,表示“和…不同”时的用法举例
differ from…(这幢楼)与(那幢楼即 that one)不同;
be different from…(计算机)不同于(游戏机即 a video game machine);
know the right from the wrong 明辨是非;
tell… from…(这小女孩)能识别(黑色)和(白色);
distinguish… from… 区别或辨别(金即 gold)和(铜即 copper)等
九、from 和有关动词搭配,表示“隔开、分开、离开”时的用法举例
break from…( 他)戒(烟即 smoking 或酒即 drinking);
depart from…(他的讲话即 his talk)离开(主题即 the subject),(他)离开(上海),(某人)去世[后接 life];
deviate from…(某人或他的报告即 his report)偏离(主题);
be free from…(备件即 the spare parts)无(缺陷即 defects),(他)无(危险即 dangers)[注意 be free of… 仅用于免(税即 duty)或(免费即 charge 或 cost)等;
be absent from here(他)不在这里或缺席[用这个 from… 才体现不在这里];
have not any secret from sb.(我)没有任何秘密隐瞒某人;
get (v.) away from…(使)离开或摆脱(家、工作等),(使)戒(酒即 liquor);
take… away from…(他)拿走某人的(枪即 a gun)[from 后加 sb.],(她)从她的住房将(汽车)开走[from 后加 her house];
save… from… 从(火)中救出(小孩),使(工作)免遭(失败即 failure);
part from…(小孩)辍学[后 school],离开(某人);
separate… from… 使(水)和(油)分开;
keep (v.) from…(使)不靠近(火炉即 the fire),勿进入(草地即 the glass),不沾(酒等)对(某人)隐瞒(这件事),prevent, stop, prohibit + sb. 或 sth. from… 阻止、制止或禁止某人(吸烟即 smoking),阻止(或制止、禁止)某事(发生即 taking place)等
注:不要将 from 理解为“分开或隔开”并机械地逐字翻译。否则会错译为“阻止、制止或禁止某人和吸烟分开”。应将功能性介词 from 理解为“分开”、“隔开”,而英语动词理解为行为方式,于是可正确地理解为“通过阻止、制止或禁止手段或方式使某人与吸烟分开”。这就是按英语思维形象化地理解英语本意的一些典型例子。
Hardly 和 Scarcely 的用法及注意点
一、副词 hardly 和 scarcely 作“几乎不”讲,常用以构成否定式,它们可以否定主语、谓语或宾语等
We could hardly (或 scarcely) understand it. 我们几乎不可能了解这件事。
I hardly (或 scarcely) saw anything. 我几乎什么也没看见。
So it’s scarcely (或 hardly) worth looking for her around here. 因此在这里附近寻找她几乎是不值得的。
There was scarcely (或 hardly) anybody (或 any person, a person) on the street.(当时)街上几乎没有一个人。(scarcely 或 hardly 否定后面的名词时,常在该名词前加用 any 或 a。)
It hardly (或 scarcely) snows ever in Kunming. 昆明几乎从来不下雪。(句中 hardly ever 相当于 almost never。)
注:当有 hardly 或 scarcely 构成否定句时,一般不要再用 not, never, no 等否定词。但可插入介词短语 without…,只要句义符合逻辑即可。
二、“hardly (或 scarcely)… when (或 before)…”作“刚……就……”讲。注意 hardly 和 scarcely 位于句首时,主、谓语颠倒。参阅第 148 节、一
Hardly had I reached the station when the train started. 我刚到车站,火车就开了。(有时还可用 before 代替 when, 但不如 when 广泛使用。)
Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚开门,一阵风就把蜡烛吹灭了。
本句型结构仅用于描述已发生的事。使用时必须注意下列三点:
(1) scarcely 或 hardly 所在的主句内,谓语动作差一点发生(但毕竟未发生)是在 when 从句内的谓语动作之前,因此主句用过去完成时,从句用过去一般时。(本句型只能用于叙述过去的事)
(2) 若否定词 hardly 或 scarcely 位于句首,则后面主语和助动词词序要颠倒。
(3) 不能用 than 代替句中的 when, 若非要用 than, 则必须改用 "no sooner… than…" 句型。下列几种表示式的句义相同 :
a. He had scarcely (或 hardly) seen the letter when (或 before) he started back home. 他一见到信就动身回家了。(只能用于叙述过去的事。用 when 比 before 好些。)
b. Scarcely (或 Hardly) had he seen the letter when he started back home.(译文和用法同上)
c. He had no sooner seen the letter than he started back home.(同上。)
d. No sooner had he seen the letter than he started back home.(同上。)
e. He started back home as soon as he saw (或 had seen) the letter. (=As soon as he saw the letter, he started back home.)(译文同上。)
注:用 as soon as… 时,主句和从句的时态通常一致。若描述将来发生的事,则 as soon as 引出的时间状语从句要用现在时代替将来时。叙述过去的事,有时也可见到 as soon as 后面从句中用过去完成时。
Have (或 Has) 的用法
一、have 作“有”讲
I have a few Chinese video compact discs (或 VCDs). 我有几张中国光盘。
A solid has both definite size and shape. 固体既有一定的大小,又有一定的形状。
Heavy nuclei, having more energy levels than light nuclei, are more likely to effect capture of a particle. 重核比轻核有较多的能级,所以它更能俘获粒子。(现在分词 having 短语作原因状语,但也可理解为非限制性定语。)
It may be had for the asking. 索取时可免费奉送。(句中 had 用于被动态。)
Nothing worth having can be had without labour. 不劳动只能是什么都不该有。(动名词 having 作形容词 worth 的宾语。had 用于被动态。)
二、“have. (或 had) + 过去分词”构成现在(或过去)完成时,而“will (或 shall) + have + 过去分词”构成将来完成时。(见第 134 节 八、九)
He has been to Microsoft. 他去过微软公司。(试比较:She went to Microsoft. 她[当时]去微软公司了。)(现在完成时)
How many times have you been to Internet Mall? 你去过因特网大商城多少次?(现在完成时)
I have stayed in the cloning technology laboratory for 3 days. 我在克隆技术实验室已呆了三天。(现在完成时)
Since then we have kept in contact with each other for quite a long time. 从那时以来,我们保持互相联系已有相当长的时间了。(现在完成时主动态)
Work can produce heat; heat can do work. Of these facts you have had many examples. 功能够产生热;热能够作功。你已有这些事实的许多例子。(现在完成时主动态,had 系 have “有” 的过去分词)
The circuit has been completed. 电路已经接通了。(现在完成时被动态)
They said that they had worked out their work plan. 他们说,他们已经制订了工作计划。(过去完成时主动态)
He said that your pager had been repaired. 他说你的传呼机已经修理好了。(过去完成时被动态)
Yet you will have done no work by merely exerting force. 仅仅施加力,你仍将是尚未作功。(将来完成时主动态)
三、“have, had 或 shall (will) + have been + -ing”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态。(参阅第 134 节十一、十二、十三)
四、“have + 带 to 的不定式”,作“只得……”、“只好……”或“要……”讲
We have to change our method of operation. 我们得改变我们的操作方法。
There was something wrong with the instrument, they had to repeat their experiment once again. 仪器出了毛病,他们只好再次重做实验。
To produce strong X-rays, the tube has to be made a very good vacuum. 要产生强烈的X射线,管子必须制成高度真空。(划线处为主语补语。)
五、“have + 有动作意义的名词”作“做一下某动作”或“进行某动作”讲
Let us have a look. 让我们看一看。
We want to have a try. 我们想试一试。
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。
六、“have + 宾语 + 不带 to 的不定式”表示“使(叫)……做……”之意
We will have you know that we have made the machine work at full speed. 我们将要使你知道,我们已使这台机器全速运转了。(划线处为主句中的宾语补语。)
We can't have the motor run idle. 我们不能让马达空转。(同上)
注意使用本句型结构时,有时表示主语人的意志,有时表示与主语人的意志无关。例如:
(1) I will have him go with me. 我要他同我一起走。(表示主语的意志)
(2) I shall have some one come here. 将有人来这里。(表示与主语的意志无关,仅是反映客观上将发生的情况而已。)
(3) They had a fire break out in the neighbourhood yesterday. 他们附近昨天发生火灾。(表示与主语的意志无关,仅是反映客观上己发生的事实而已。切不可按照“使”、“让”来译,将“他们”理解为“纵火犯”。)
七、“have + 宾语 + 过去分词(作宾语补语,不作后置定语)”表示“让……受到……”、“让人把……弄……”、“使得……”的意思
They have just had the instrument adjusted. 他们刚(请人)把这个仪器调整好。
We must have the steel pipe shortened. 我们必须把这根钢管截短。
You should have the radio repaired. 你应该(请人)把无线电修好。
Electric heaters have their electric energy transformed into heat. 电热器使其电能转变为热能。
He had his experiment report all written out neatly. 他把实验报告写得清清楚楚。
注意使用本句型结构时,有时表示主语的意志,有时与主语的意志无关。例如:
(1) I had my watch mended. 我请人把我的表修好了。(表示主语的意志)
(2) I had my minicamera broken. 我把 小型照相机弄坏了。(表示与主语意志无关。不要理解为“我有意让小型照相机摔坏”之意。)
在少数情况下,本句型结构中的过去分词可能作前面宾语的后置定语。这时必须根据上下文进行逻辑判别。例如:
He has only one finger left. 他只剩下一个指头。(定语)
八、“have + 宾语 + 形容词、副词或 -ing(作宾语补语用)”表示“听任……”、“保持……”的意思
It is too hot, you must have all the windows open. 天气太热,你们得让所有窗户都开着。
It is therefore better to have a cutting tool tough and not too hard. 因此最好使刀具有韧性,不太硬。
We have him trying an experiment. 我们让他在试作一个实验。
We can't have them wasting the material in this way. 我们不能允许他们这样浪费那种材料。
Let us have Dr. Fang over. 让我们请方博士过来吧。
He had a tooth out. 他拔了一个牙。
但注意本句型结构中的 -ing(现在分词) 有时不作宾语,而作后置定语。例如:
Last year we had a dry spell lasting 130 days. 去年我们遇上干旱期持续130天。
九、“have it that + …”作“表明”、“主张”、“说”、“声称”等讲
The newspaper has it that our five-year plan was overfulfilled. 报纸上说我们的五年计划超额完成了。
He will have it that his idea will come true。他会声称他的想法会实现的。
十、“had + better + 不带 to 的不定式”表示“最好……”之意
You had better improve the equipment with the senior engineers. 你们最好是跟这些高工一起改进这个设备。
We had better go over the circuit once more. 我们最好把线路再检查一遍。
注意这里的 had 不是过去时。这个句型,不论用于过去时、现在时或将来时,都是以 had 形式(虚拟语气)出现。
He had better not remain here any longer. 他最好不要在此久留。
十一、“have been + 不定式”表示刚完成的动作
I have been to see a doctor. 我刚才去看医生了。(注意说这句话时正是我刚从医生那儿回来了。)
但要注意逻辑判别。在下句中不定式短语是表语:
Our aim has been to work out a successful method of synthesis of this compound. 搞出这种化合物的成功的合成法已是我们的目标。
十二、have got 相当于 have 及 have got to 相当于 have to 的用法
We have got (= have) many different electronic dictionaries. 我们有许多各种各样的电子辞典。
You have got (= have) to stop it. 你必须加以制止。
十三、注意 having 的用法
A greater current will overheat and seriously damage the generator having the smaller current capacity. 电流大,就能使载流量较小的发电机过热并受到严重损坏。(后置定语)
Besides having inertia all material objects have the ability to attract all other objects. 一切物体除了有惯性以外,还具有吸引所有其它物体的性能。(介词宾语)
The moon having no atmosphere, there can be no wind. 由于月亮没有大气层,所以就没有风。(独立分词结构)
Dr. Ouyang(’s) having left made the situation here hard. 欧阳博士走后,这里处境就困难了。(复合结构或动名词短语作主语。)
Not having enough time, I could not gain access to Yahoo. 由于没有足够的时间,我未能再次访问雅虎(网站)。(现在分词短语作原因状语。)
Having failed several times, he needs some encouragement. 失败了几次以后,他就需要得到一些鼓励。(现在分词短语完成式作时间状语。)
Having had no answer, he wrote again. 由于无回音,他又写了一封信.(现在分词短语完成式作原因状语。)
A body at rest cannot be moved without having an enough force acting on it. 如果没有一个足够大的力作用于静止的物体上,那末该物体是不会(被)移动的。(动名词短语作介词宾语,其中包含宾语和宾语补语。)
How, How many, How much, How long, How far,How fast, How often 等用法
一、构成特殊疑问句(注意主、谓语颠倒现象)
How is mercury different from silver? 水银和银有何不同?
How long have you worked at the airport? 你在机场工作多久了?
How many pandas are there in China? 在中国有多少熊猫?
How much of China's surface is covered with green plants? 中国表面(积)有多大比例为绿色植物所覆盖?
How much (money) should I pay for this pair of sun glasses? 这副太阳镜我该付多少(钱)?
注:how many 用于可数名词,而 how much 用于不可数名词。
How far is the Internet information center away from here? 因特网信息中心离这里有多远?
How fast is he driving the car? 现在他开车的速度有多快?
How often do you have access to the web site? 你隔多久访问这个(万维)网站?
How long will it take to reach the supermarket? 到达超市要花多长时间?
How high (或 tall) is your apartment building? 你们的公寓楼有多高?
二、构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,但从句内主、谓语词序不颠倒
It is clearly known how they learn English. 他们如何学英语是清楚知道的。(主语从句,it 是形式主语)
The question is how much one cubic meter of air weighs under normal conditions. 问题是在标准情况下,一立方米空气重多少。(表语从句,试与上面第 5 句比较主、谓语词序。)
I didn't know how many English words you had learned for two years. 当时我不知你们两年学了多少英语单词。(宾语从句)
He answered the question how volume is affected by temperature. 他回答了温度如何影响体积这个问题。(the question 的同位语从句)
Can you answer us the question of how fast the molecules move? 你能回答我们分子运动有多快的问题吗?(介词 of 的宾语从句)
三、疑问词与动词不定式构成短语常顶一个名词
I do not know how to operate this new-type portable computer? 我不知如何操作这种新型手提式计算机?(作宾语)
How many experiments to perform a day is still a question. 一天做多少项实验还是一个问题。(作主语)
What do you know about how to send an-email? 关于如何寄发电子邮件,你知道什么呢?(常顶一个名词作介词 about 的宾语。)
If 的用法
一、连词 if 用于条件和假设句中(详见第 143 节)
a. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 如果你努力学习,那么你就能通过这次考试。(真实条件)
b. If the boy should (或 were to) study hard, he would pass the exam. 假如这男孩果真努力学习,那么他就会通过这次考试。(句子含有“将来不大可能实现”的意味。)
I shall not go out if you come tomorrow. 如果你明天来,那我就不出去了。(这是真实条件。注意条件状语从句不用将来时态,要用现在时态来代替。在本情况下,主要靠主句谓语将来时态来判别。)
If I were not busy now, I should (或 would) go to the meeting. 要是我现在不忙,我就去开会了。(对现在事实相反的假设,谓语都用虚拟语气。也可用情态动词 could, might 代替 should, would 只是含义不同。)
If he had not been busy yesterday, he would have come to the trade fairs. 假如他昨天不忙,他早就来贸易展销会了。(对过去事实相反的假设,谓语都用虚拟语气。注意和上句表示形式不同。)
二、连词 if 只有在引出宾语从句时才作“是否”讲,句末不能加 or, not 之类的词
He asked us if English is our major subject. 他问了我们英语是不是我们的主要课程。(可用 whether 代替 if。)
I don't know if the figures are accurate. 我不知数字是否精确。(同上)
注:if 和 whether 引导宾语从句时稍有差别。参阅第 122 节、四。
三、用以表示与事实相反的愿望
If he were in Tianjin now! 要是此刻他在天津多好啊!
If I could only see them once more! 但愿我能再次见到他们就好了!
If only he had known about it! 他当时知道这件事就好了!(若改为 If only he knew about it, 则变为:他此刻知道就好了→可惜他此刻并不知道。)
If only she arrives in time! 她若能及时到达就好了!(抱有一点希望)
四、if 用于条件状语从句,其中有省略成分。(详见第 145 节、二)
That is important, if (it is) true. 如果属实,那很重要。
If (it is) not well managed. irrigation can be harmful. 如果管理不善,灌溉还可能有害处。
If (it is) necessary we shall put the video conference off. 如果需要的话,我们将延期开电视会议.
五、if any, if ever 和 if anything 的用法
if any 和 if ever 表示“果真有”、“即使有”,相当于 if there is any at all 而 if anything 相当于 if there is anything (或 any difference), 含有“如果有些什么”、"如果稍有区别的话"的意思。若主句有 few, little, seldom, rarely 等否定词,则上述从句为让步状语从句,否则一般表示条件状语从句。例如:
I think that there is little, if any, hope. 我认为希望很小。(让步状语从句。没按原文结构翻译。)
It occurs seldom, if ever. 即使有其事,也并不多。(让步状语从句)
True greatness has little, if anything, todo with rank or power. 真正的伟大几乎与地位或权力无关。(让步状语从句)
There are few, if any, English books. 几乎没有什么英语书。(让步状语从句。意指“英语书即使有,也是很少”。)
Defects in the machine parts, if any, can be detected by this new-type instrument. 机器零件内的缺陷,如果有的话,可用这种新型仪器检测。(条件状语从句)
The question now is what energy, if anything, is required to bring about such a rotation. 现在问题是,如果需要一种能量,究竟要哪种能量来产生这样的一种转动。(条件状语从句)
六、if 用于 even if 和 as if 中,分别引出让步状语从句和行为方式状语从句,参阅第 106节、五 和 15 节、四-Ⅴ-D
In 和 Into 的用法及其短语分类理解
一、介词 in 短语的用法
I. in 用于地点、空间、某范围、方位时,介词短语或其动词短语汇总:
in the street 在街上[但美语用 on the street];
in here 在这里[here 作名词用];
in the middle of the bedroom 在卧室中间;
walk in the rain 在雨中行走
find a hole in the cap(他)发现帽子上有个洞等
注 1:注意下列例子中 in, on 或 at 的用法:例如:
There is a bird in the tree. 树上有一只鸟。(不能用 on, 因为英语将“树”作为一个整体。)
The mirror hung in the wall. 这面镜子嵌在墙内挂着。(若用 on 代替 in, 则变为“……挂在墙上”。)
a. Canada is on the north of the United states. 加拿大与美国北部接壤。
b. Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
a. stand in the corner of the room. 站在房间角落处
b. sit on the corner of the desk. 坐在书桌角上
c. live at the corner of the street. 住在这条街拐弯处
注 2:at 表示的地点侧重于表示一个点(见上例)。详见第 16 节。
注 3:某些动词短语中的 in sb.,如果侧重于表示某人的气质、人品,常可理解为“在某人身上”。例如:
a. He has something of a hero in him. 他具有英雄气概。
b. You have it in you to be a musician. 你具有当音乐家的气质。
c. She has some money on her. 她身上有点钱。(不能用 in 代替 on,但却可用 with 或 about 代替。)
d. Have another cup of milk on me. 再来一杯牛奶,由我支付。(不能用 in 代替 on。)
I have found a true friend in you. 我已认为你是一个真正的朋友。
We lost a great scientist in Qian San-qiang. 我们失去了一位伟大的科学家。(指钱三强去世)
注 4:涉及人体表面时,多半都用介词 on,若打击涉及人体表面较软或较空的部分时,多半要用 in。例如:
She kissed her daughter on both cheeks. 她吻了她女儿的脸颊。
You hit him in the mouth (或 eye, stomach 等)。你打了他的嘴巴(或眼睛、肚子等)。(若“打耳朵、脖子、肩膀”等,则要用 on。)
注5:涉及痛苦和创伤所在的部位,通常用介词 in。例如:
I felt a pain in my nose. 我感到鼻子疼痛。
He was wounded in the right hand. 他右手受伤了。
II. 介词 in 表示“在……中”,“在……方面”时与动词搭配用法举例
be interested in… 对(英语、音乐等)感兴趣;
increase (或 rise) in…(某物体)在(体积、温度等)方面增加(或上升)[常译:某物体体积或温度增加或上升];
deal in… 经营(茶叶等);
fail in the exam(他)考试不及格;
be late in arriving(她)来迟;
be wrong in theory(某人、某事)在理论上是错的;
differ in the statements(他们)说法不同;
invest money in… 投资于(石油等);
find… in the book(她)在这本书中找到或发现(某物);
be… in volume (或 weight)(某物)体积(1 立方米 ),(某物)重量(50 公斤);
make progress in many respects (或 ways) 在许多方面取得进步;
Have you anything in the way of fruit drink? 你们有否属于果子露方面的饮料?
注:注意有些固定的短语动词有时介词 in 等省略。参阅第 145 节、二十。
III. 介词 in 短语表示时间用法举例
A. 表示“在某一段时间”
in the evening (或 afternoon) 在傍晚(或下午)[若 in 后面出现前置或后置定语则 in 常改用 on];
in (the) May 在五月份;
in (the) winter 在冬天;
in 2001 在 2001 年;
in 2020’s 21 世纪 20 年代;
in the past (或 last) ten years 在过去的十年;
in the not far distant future 在不久的将来等
注:和 into 表示时间的用法进行比较。这时 into 作“直到…时间”或“进入…(时间)”讲,有时前面可加 late, far 或 well 以加重时间晚、长的语气。例如:
Here viewed the lessons late (或 far) into the night. 他复习功课到深夜。
The experiments often continued into the night. 实验常持续到夜晚。
I am well into eighties. 我已经八十多岁了。
He worked on, writing into the early morning. 他继续工作,一直写到天亮。
B. 表示“用若干时间”
He finished the job in two hours. 他用两小时做完这项工作。
The policemen haven't had a fast sleep in a week. 警察一周内没有睡过一次好觉。
C. 表示“隔若干时间以后”这时一般用于表示将来时的句子中,而且动词多数为终止性动词(如 return, come 等)
He will turn back in four days (或 in four days’ time). 他四天以后返回。
I am going abroad in two weeks. 我准备两周以后出国。
The class is in a few minutes. 几分钟后就上课。
Pleases end the book to her in no time. 请立即把书寄给她。[若用 in time 或 on time, 则作“按时”或“准时”讲。]
注:in 和 within 表示时间方面的差别(参阅第 130、四 和 139 节、三-Ⅲ)。
Ⅳ.介词 in 短语表示衣着(包括颜色)、特征、性质、情绪、心境、从事的职业等(常作表语或后置定语)
She is in red (或 in a red overcoat). 她身穿红衣(或一件红大衣)。
We found a policeman in plain clothes and black shoes. 我们发现一个穿便衣和黑鞋的警察。
The documents were in English. 这些文件是用英文写的。
Her furniture is in the old style. 她的家俱是旧款式的。
They are in the wrong (或 in the right). 他们是错误的(或对的)。
He is in the money. 他发财(或有钱)。
Her secret is in the open. 她的秘密泄露了。
She is quite in earnest. 她是很认真的。
He is in his sixties. 他六十多岁了。
He is in good spirits. 他情绪良好。
She remains in pain. 她依然苦恼。
The enemy stays in despair. 敌人仍处于绝望之中。
He is in a bad temper. 他心情不好。
I am in insurance (或 in research). 我从事保险业(或科研)。
V. 介词 in 短语表示状态时与动词搭配的用法
be in order (计算机),状态正常;
stay in a good condition(某人或汽车),仍处良好的状况;
be in dark about sth.(我)对某事一无所知;
be kept in repair(道路)养护良好;
be in good health(他)身体健康;
be in ruin(楼房等)倒塌;
stay in bed 仍卧床不起,be in difficulty (或 danger)(他)处境困难(或危险);
be in hospital(她)住院;
be in active service(他)在服役或在职等
Ⅵ. 介词 in 短语表示方式状语时与动词的搭配用法
Look at sb. in surprise 惊讶地看某人;
Visit us in turn 逐个访问我们;
Design a theatre in Chinese style 按中国风格设计剧院;
Attend the meeting in sb.’s name(我)以某人名义参加会议;
Discuss… in groups(他们)分组讨论(这个问题等);
Write the numbers in figures 用数字写出数目;
Go off in a hurry 匆匆离去;
Make paper in large amounts 大量造纸;
Speak in a loud voice 大声讲话;
Hold the meeting in secret(或 in public)秘密地(或公开地)举行会议;
Stand in the line (或 queue) 排队站着;
Build rockets in pieces 分级制造火箭;
Cry in anger 气愤地哭叫;
Lie in silence 静静地躺着等
Ⅶ. 介词 in 短语表示目的状语时与动词搭配的用法比较灵活,只要意思讲得通便可。这时多数“in + 名词”短语后常要求带上另一个介词短语,以便使整个意思完整。例如:
Make a statement in one’s own defence(她)进行申诉为自己辩护;
I called him in reply (或 answer) to his letter. 我给他打电话以答复他的来信。
Review the lessons in preparation for the exam 复习功课准备考试;
Walk about the campus in search of sth. 走遍校园寻找某物;
Go out in demand for raising one’s salaries 罢工要求增加工资;
Demonstrate in protest against inflation getting worse 举行游行以反对通货膨胀恶化;
Write a poem in memory of sb. 写一首诗纪念某人;
Come on in welcome of sb.(他们)前来欢迎某人;
Say something in praise of sb. 说些话以表扬某人;
What is the collection in aid of? 这笔募捐款是作什么用的?
注 1:常用 "in order (或 so as) to do sth." 表示目的状语,其中 in order 或 so as 还可省略。例如:She studies hard (in order 或 so as) to get good marks in her exams。她努力学习以便在考试中取得好成绩。
注 2:用 in order that 引出目的状语从句。例如:IC is widely used in electronic industry in order that(或so that)all devices may get even smaller. 电子工业广泛使用集成电路,使所有设备变得更小.
Ⅷ. 介词 in 短语作插入语用(这里 in 具有“按照”含义)
in a sense 在某种意义上;
in fact 事实上;
in general 一般说来;
in my judgement 按照我的判断;
in our view 在我们看来;
in her opinion 按照她的意见;
in sum 简而言之;
in summary 概括地说;
in conclusion 总之;
in short 简单地说;
in a few words 简而言之;
in other words 换句话说等
Ⅸ. 介词 in 后接介词宾语从句、原因状语从句(包括原因状语)、让步状语从句(包括让步状语)时用法举例
A solid is different from a gas in that the solid has a definite shape. 固体有一定形状,在这方面固体和气体是不同的。(介词宾语从句)
You have an advantage over me in that I am bad at spoken Chinese. 你比我优越,因为我的汉语口语不好。(原因状语从句)
In that you are a monitor, you should set a good example to all of us. 因为你是班长,你应该为我们树起好榜样。(原因状语从句)
We canceled the game in view of the rain. 我们因雨取消比赛。(原因状语)
They live in poverty in view of rising prices. 由于物价上涨他们生活困苦。(原因状语)
In spite of our advice, he still thinks that’s right. 不顾我们的忠告,他仍认为那是对的。(让步状语)
In spite of the fact that the colour TVs are expensive, people prefer to buy them. 尽管彩电贵,但人们仍愿买。(in spite of the fact that 引出让步从句。)
二、介词 into 作“进入……或进到……里面”讲时的动词短语举例
break into… 闯入(楼房);
check into the hotel 办理手续住入旅馆 allow (或 permit) sb. into… 允许某人进入(房间);
come into… 进入(房间);
dive into… 潜入(江河、森林),调查研究(问题);
eat into… 腐蚀(衣服等);
enter into business (或 into details) 进入商界或谈论细节;
get into… 进入(汽车),穿上(外衣),陷入(困境即 difficulties);
go into… 走进(房子),研究(问题);
jump into… 跳进(江河),迅速穿上(外衣);
launch the rockets into the space 发射火箭进入宇宙空间;
lead into…(这条路)通入(花园等);
let… into… 让(他)知道(计划、秘密等),将(管子)插进(墙);
look into… 往(教室、镜子即 the mirror)里面看,调查研究(问题);
pour (v.) into…(江河)入(海)、将(大量信件)送入(公司);
run into… 跑入(学校),偶然遇见(某人);
step into… 步入(出租汽车),接替(某人的工作),穿上(鞋);
pass into…(这门科学)进入(新阶段)等
注:绝大多数动作动词和 into 搭配表示“各种动作方式的进入…”,属于动态,而介词 in… 常表示“在……内”,属于静态。注意有些动词短语中的 into 和 in 却可以相互替换。例如:fall into (或 in)… 掉入(湖即 the lake);
get into (或 in) the car 进入汽车;
go into (或 in) the house 走进房子;
place (或 put)… into (或 in)… 将(某人)置于(困境即 the difficult position);
pour sth. into (或 in)… 将某物倒入或灌入(杯)中;
run into (或 in)… 跑入(教室);
throw sth. into (或 in) the basket 将某物扔入筐中等
三、副词 in 作“往里进、在里面、在家里”时的动词搭配用法举例
book in… = book… in 登记(备件即 spareparts 或机器等);
ask sb. in 请某人进去;
call in… 叫(某人)进去,请(医生)来,召唤(部队),要求还(书、钱等);
bring in… 带来(收入即 the income,新款式即 the new style),引入(新技术),请来(教授);
count in 将(某人)算上[指计数在内],将(这三本书)算上;
cut (v.) in(汽车)超车切入,接入或接上(新的电线或一段影片等);
fly (v.) in(我们)乘飞机抵达,(他们)将(旅客或鲜菜)空运进去;
give (v.) in… (我)将(作业)交进去或交上去,(他)让步;
get in… 收(麦子即 wheat 等),收进(债款即 the debt),买进(酒等),请来(医生等);
hand in… 把(作业等)交进去或交上去;
have… in 请(医生)来,把(食物)贮备起来;
lay in… 贮备(淡水、食物),储存(钱等);
leave in… 将(狗等)留在家,将(照片、重要内容)保留下来,把(火)留下来[指“让火不熄灭”];
live (或 sleep) in(保姆等)住在雇主家里,(大学生)住校;
pipe… in 用管道输入(水、油等),吹奏乐器欢迎(某人);
stay (或 remain) in 不外出[如留在家中或放学后留校];
take in… 把(某人)领进来,让(新鲜空气即 fresh air)进来,收容或收留(无家可归的人即 the homeless 等),领会或相信(当前形势等),饱览(姜丽景色即 the beautiful sight)等
注 1:副词 in 用于表示“到达、到来、进站、进港、上市、上台”时的动词短语举例:check in 办理住宿手续,签到[用于上班前];
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sign (v.) in.(使)签到;
come in(潮水即 the tide)来临,(消息)传来,(新鲜蔬菜)上市,(长裙即 the long skirts)在流行[用进行时];
fly (v.) in(旅客等)乘飞机到达,将( 鲜鱼)空运来;
pull in(火车等)到站,(船等)靠岸,(汽车等)到达或停下;
push (v.) in(船等)靠岸,(某人)挤入或不排队,(不能)让(某人)挤入;
put (v.) in(船)停靠码头或进港[后可接 to the port],(旅客在途中)稍作停留(以便进餐即 for a meal),(他)正式提交(申请即 application);
settle in(春季)来临,(他)在新居安顿下来,(雨,雪)开始下个不停[由“定居不走”引申过来]等
注2:副词 in 表示“顺便进入”时的动词短语举例:
drop in on sb. 或 at the library 顺便访问某人或图书馆;
fall in on (或 upon) sb. 顺便访问某人或突然遇见某人[结合上下文选择语义];
look in on (或 at) sb. 顺便看望某人;
run in to see sb. 顿便跑去拜访某人;
step in and have a cup of tea with sb. 顺便进门并和某人一起喝茶[表示短时间访问]等
四、副词 in 和由名词转化来的动词(如 fence, ice, wall, wire 等)搭配,表示“用篱笆、冰、墙、铁丝等将……围住或封住”之意
fence in… 用栅栏把(花园)围起来,将(老虎或犯人)关起来;
be iced in(港口、机器等)被冰封住;
be roped (或 wired) in (运动场即 the playground) 被绳子(或铁丝)围起来;
be walled in (校园即 the campus) 被用墙围住等
五、副词兼介词 in 或介词 into 用于表示“参加、参与”时的动词短语举例
be in (或 up) for the exam 正在参加考试;
go in for the discussion 去参加讨论;
go in 参加或进去;
go into…(他)参加(政界即 politics)或参(军即 the army);
come in for… 来参加(考试等);
come in on the project 参与这个项目;
get into… 参加(这个队即 this team),参(军即 the army),参加(唱歌即 singing);
join (v.) in… 参加(我们)一起(跳舞即 dancing 等);
let’s all join in 让我们一起参加;
let sb. into the club 允许某人参加俱乐部;
have a hand (或 apart) in sth. 参与某事;
get a foot in the football team 参加足球队;
enter into… 参加(讨论即 the discussion);
partake (或 take part) in… 参加(讨论等);
I want in. 我想进去(或参加)等
注:表示“参加、参与”含义的短语还有:
We turned out for the meeting. 我们出来参加会议。
He turned up late for the meeting. 他露面参加会议晚了。
六、into 或 in 跟动词搭配时表示“插话、干涉、干预”时的用法举例
break into the conversation 打断别人谈话[由“闯入别人谈话“引申过来];
break in(某人)插话,(消防员等)破门而入[注意上下文选择语义];
cut into the conversation 打(或砍)断别人谈话;
cut in 插嘴[cut in 还可表示“砍入”];
get in a single word 插嘴说句话;
get in 插嘴,(飞机、船等)到达,(雨水)进屋[结合上下文选择语义];
put in a good word 插嘴说好话;
put in 插话;
throw (或 fling);in that unnecessary remark 插嘴说不必要的意见;
throw (或 fling) in 插嘴说;
pipe in 插上一杠子或插嘴[动词 pipe 作“尖声讲话”讲];
strike into someone else’s quarrel 干预或介入别人的争吵;
strike in 插嘴;
strike in with a question 插嘴提一个问题;
interfere in (或 with) the conversation (或 sb.’s private affairs)打断别人谈话或干预某人私事;
push in without being invited(他)未受邀请而粗鲁地插话;
push in on this(她)干预这件事等
七、into, in 用于表示“偶然碰到或碰见”时的动词短语用法举例
run into… 偶然碰见(他),偶然碰到(门),跑入(教室);
knock (v.) into… 偶然碰见(她),把(钉子即 nails)敲入(木)中;
catch sb. in 偶然在家或办公室遇见某人;
fall in with sb. (在旅行中)偶然碰见某人;
bang into… 偶然遇见(某人),偶然碰到(门)并(伤了胳膊即 hurt the arm)[bang 为拟声词,由“砰一响碰到…”引申过来]等
注:英语有 100 多个动词短语表示“偶然碰见、碰到……”含义。不限于使用 into 或 in。必须用形象加联想来理解。
八、into 用于表示“调查研究”时的动词短语举例
dig (本义:掘,挖) into… 钻研(问题即 the problem);
dive(本义:潜入)into… 深入研究(问题);
dip(本义掏取)into… 稍加研究(问题);
go into… 调查研究(问题);
look into… 调查(公司的账即 the company’s accounts);
search(搜查)into… 调查(一件事即 a matter);
research into… 研究(一个项目即 a project);
examine into the rumour 调查谣言;
inquire (或 enquire) into… 调查(这一事件即 the incident);
investigate into… 深入调查(这案子即 the case)[有“官方调查、审查”含义];
check into sb.’s background 调查某人的经历;
see into the state of a company 调查一家公司的状况等
九、into 表示“进人某种状态”时的动词短语举例
fall into sleep (或 a dangerous state) 进入梦乡或陷入险境;
get (v.) into trouble (或 such a habit)(使)陷入困境或(使)养成这样一个习惯;
lead (v.) into…(使)陷入(困境即 trouble),(这个错误)造成(损失即 loss);
pass into a deep sleep 进入沉睡;
put… into production (或 operation, use) 将(机器)投入生产(或运 转、使用);
run into danger 闯入险境;
go into force(合同即 the contract)开始生效;
Short skirts are coming into fashion. 短裙子正在流行。fly into a temper(他)突然发脾气等
十、into 表示转义并译为“变为、成为”时的动词短语举例
convert coal into pipeline gas 将煤转变为管道煤气;
grow (up) (或 develop) into… (一颗种子即 a seed)长成(或发展为)(一颗树);
make… into… 将(旧房)改为(高楼),将(这件服装)改为(裙子即 a skirt),将(这男孩)培养成(大学生);
pass into… 水变为(蒸汽);
transform the little town into a big city 将小城镇改造为大城市;
translate (或 turn, put, do) Chinese into English 将汉语译成英语;
turn… into… 将(大楼)改为(医院);
change (v.) into…(我们)将(水)变为(冰),(水)变为(蒸汽)等
十一、into 表示“分为或分成若干份、块、粉末”时与动词搭配用法举例
break the chocolate into pieces 将巧克力分成块;
crush coal into powders 将煤碎成粉末;
cut paper into strips 将纸切成纸条;
divide… into… 将(蛋糕即 the cake)分为(三份),将(9)除以(3);
The story falls into four parts. 这故事分为四个部分。separate… into… 将(空气)分离为(氢、氧等),将(这个班分为(三个组);
split (v.) into… 将(分子)分解为(原子),将(原木即 the log)劈成(两半即 two halves),(学生)分为(四个组);
tear (v.) into… 将(布即 the cloth)撕成(长条即 strips),(这些老虎)撕裂(一只小动物)等
十二、into… 表示使人采取某种行动时与动词搭配用法举例
argue sb. into doing sth. 通过辩论说服某人做某事;
persuade sb. into doing sth. 劝说某人做某事;
push (或 shove) sb. into doing sth. 推动某人做某事;
talk sb. into lending him the car 说服某人将汽车借给他;
be pulled into helping him with his lessons(她)被拉去帮助他做功课等
注:若将本类动词短语中的 into 改为 out of,则就构成反义,就变为“说服、劝说、推动某人不做某事”。
inf. 动词不定式的用法和判别
一、动词不定式的构成和在句中表示的形式
不定式一般由“to + 动词原形”构成。它具有原动词的搭配关系(如宾语、状语等)。在科技文章中见到的动词不定式有下列表中几个形式(以 write(写)为例):
语态 | 时态 主动态 被动态
一般时 to write to be written
进行时 to be writting
完成时 to have written to have been written
完成进行时 to have been writting
Heat is required to change ice to water. 把冰变为水,就需要热。(一般式主动态)
It is a new product to be tested. 这是一个待测试的新产品。(一般式被动态)
The fourth generation computer is said to be rotating normally. 据说这台第四代计算机在正常运转。(进行式主动态)
完成式的动词不定式一般表示行为发生在句中谓语动词所表示的行为之前,表示已实现的行为。但是,如果在 plan (计划), hope (希望),expect (期待) 等动词过去时或 was, were 的后边用完成式的不定式动词,则表示没有实现的行为。此外,在带有非真实条件从句的主句内,不带 to 的完成式的动词不定式和 should, would, might, could 等动词连用时,也表示没有实现的行为。
I. 已实现的行为
If a body moves from one position to another, it is said to have had displacement. 如果物体从一个位置向另一个位置移动,我们就说这个物体已有了位移。(完成式主动态)
This machine is said to have been tested. 据说已经对这台机器进行了试验。(完成式被动态。原文直译为:据说这台机器已被试验了。)
It was the first book to have appeared on the system engineering. 当时这是系统工程出的第一本书。(完成式主动态)
The test was known to have been going on for three years. 据悉这项试验已进行了三年。
II. 没有实现的行为
We planned to have made this experiment yesterday. 我们本来计划昨天做这个实验。(完成式主动态。实际上昨天没有做这个实验。)
注意有时可用“was (或 were) + 不定式动词的完成式”表示过去未实现的动作。例如:
We were to have taken these machines apart. 我们本来要拆开这些机器。
He was to have got out of bed (或 got up) at five. 他本来打算五点起床。
二、动词不定式在句中的用法
I. 作主语
To develop our information industries rapidly is necessary. 迅速发展我们的信息产业是必要的。(上句也可改成用形式主语 it. 的句子结构表示,即:It is necessary to develop our information industries rapidly. 句义同上。)
It takes a definite amount of heat to change a liquid to its gaseous state. 将液体变为气体需要一定的热量。 (句中 it 是先行代词,作形式主语。)
It became necessary to build new plants for products never before produced. 当时建立新工厂生产过去从未生产过的产品,显得很有必要了。(It 为形式主语。)
It is general practice to use a pump to transport liquids. 使用泵输送液体是常见的做法。(It 为形式主语。)
II. 不定式作谓语的组成部分(包括“系词 be 等 + 表语”的复合谓语在内)
A. “主语 + ought (或 have, is going, is able 等) + 不定式”
This laboratory ought to be re-equipped with modern apparatuses. 这个实验室应该用现代化设备重新装备。
We are going to guarantee the machines against loss. 我们将保证机器不受损失。(常用于已考虑并将进行的动作。)
We have to take part in this work. 我们必须参加这项工作。
We are able to wholly manufacture new products. 我们能够全部地制造新产品。
注:英语中有时把副词放在 to 和不定式动词中间,这时副词必然是修饰不定式动词的(见上面第 4 句)。
B. “主语 + is (或 seem 好像,appear 似乎,happen 碰巧,…等) + 多半作表语的不定式或其短语”。
Our task is to build a high-tech information center. 我们的任务是建立(或盖起)一个高科技信息中心。
To know everything is to know nothing. 样样皆通,样样稀松。(谚语)
This seemed to have given account of the problem. 看来这已对这个问题作了解释。
This appears to be the only exception the rule. 这似乎是这条规则的唯一例外。
We happened to be only two miles short of the plant. 当时我们恰好离厂只有两英里。
We are to improve the method. 我们要改进这个方法。(本句为将来时,其中不定式短语并不作表语。)
注:上句用法与 B 项第 1 句的差别在于主语 we 能产生“改进”动作。
The method is to be described in detail. 这个方法将予以详细说明。(将来时被动态)
It seems to be going to rain again. 天好像又要下雨。(句中谓语为现在时,后面“to be going + 不定式”仍表示将发生的动作。)
C. 注意“主语 + be 的相应形式 + 不定式”的三种用法(以主语能产生后面不定式所表示的动作为前提)。
They are to hand in their homework. 他们打算交上课外作业。(相当于将来时,兼有计划、打算含义。)
If she were to give consideration to all kinds of situation, she would cast a new light upon problem. 假如她果真将考 虑各种各样情况,她对这问题就会有新的认识了。(用于对将来事实可能相反的假设从句内。)
They were to have talked of going on a visit, but they forgot it. 他们本来要谈及出访问题,但他们忘了。(was, were 后接不定式动词完成式,表示过去未实现的动作。)
D. 在“主语 + be 的相应形式 + certain 必然(或 likely 像要……的,unlikely 不像要…的,sure 必定,…等)+ 不定式”中,不定式只说明“在什么方面体现了形容词所指出的特征或性质”。例如:
a. They are sure to succeed. 他们一定成功。(外界看法)
b. I am sure of success. 我确信成功。(与 a 句含意不同,仅表示本人自信。)
The above-mentioned reactions are certain (或 bound) to proceed smoothly. 上述反应一定会进行得很顺利。(一种判断)
This experiment is likely (或 unlikely) to produce good results. 这项实验可能(或不可能)给出良好的结果。(同上)
This question is sure to be asked. 这个问题一定会(被)问到。(同上)
They are not likely to have made a long distance call. 他们多半还没有打长途电话. (=It is not likely that she has made a long distance call)(同上)
Those small houses are bound to have been pulled down (by them). 那些简陋小房一定是被他们推倒了。(同上)
E. “主语+不定式”用于新闻报刊标题表示将来时。
Clinton to visit Japan. 克林顿将访问日本
Reforms to promote information industries. 改革将促进信息产业
III. 作宾语
A. 不定式或其短语作动词的宾语
We decided to begin the experiment in the evening. 我们决定晚上开始那个实验。
We think it necessary to begin with the experiment. 我们认为先做这个实验是必要的。(it 为形式宾语,不定式短语为真正宾语。)
This sounds better and better. But before I sign a contract I would like for my husband to see it. 这听起来越来越好了。但是我倒是愿意在合同签订前让我丈夫过目一下。(不定式前用 for 引出不定式动作的逻辑主体。)
a. We’d better quit (或 stop) talking and get back to work. 我们最好停止谈话并且回去工作。
b. I stopped to look at my watch. 我停了下来看一下手表。(不定式短语作目的状语。)
注:动词 stop, quit 后面一般用 -ing 作宾语,而不能用其不定式作其宾语,而 hope, agree, ask, decide, demand desire, offer, promise, refuse, choose, manage, try, threaten, wish, afford 等动词后面一般可用不定式及其短语作宾语,却不用 -ing 及其短语作宾语。
B. 作介词 about, but 等的宾语:(参阅第 3节、五和四以及第 30 节、十二第 5, 6 句)
We are about to start. 我们快要出发了。(也可把 about 分析为副词,而谓语 are to start 表示将来时。)
They had no choice but to lay down their arms. 他们除了放下武器之外别无其它选择。(参阅第 042 节 except, but 的用法。)
One of the more serious problems is that of how to get more water for man to use. 较为严重的问题之一是如何获得更多的水供人使用。(“疑问词 + 不定式”始终在句中顶一个名词用。that 代替 the problem, of 后 how… 为其同位语。)
We are researching on what measures to take in the production. 我们正在研究生产中采取什么措施。
He did not think of when to hold the meeting. 他没有考虑何时举行会议。
Ⅳ. 作宾语补语(即动词的直接宾语和不定式在意义上有“主谓”关系)
Two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。
We consider all bodies to possess weight. 我们认为所有物体都有重量。
注 1:在某些动词(think 想,consider 认为,find 觉得)后面,当宾语补语是 to be… 时,to be 可省略,直接跟上形容词等作宾语补语用:
They found the answers (to be) correct. 他们觉得答案正确。
注2:在 make(使得),have(使),let(让)和表示感觉的动词 see(看),notice(注意),watch(注视),observe(观察),hear(听),feel(觉得),perceive(觉察)等后面用不定式作宾语补语时,往往不用不定式前面的 to。例如:
Electricity makes household electric appliances run. 电使家用电器运作。
Let F represent force. 让(或译“设”)F 表示力。
I saw the truck stop. 我看见那辆卡车停下来了。
We felt the atmosphere grow tense. 我们感到气氛紧张起来。
I did not notice him do it in very much the same way. 我未注意他用完全相同的方法做这件事。
注 3:有时不及物动词加上一个介词,当作一个及物动词来使用,后面也可以用一个“宾语 + 不定式(作宾语补语用)”的结构。例如:
We rely upon you to be careful in test flying a plane. 我们相信你们在试飞飞机时是小心谨慎的。
We cannot count on another country to help us. 我们不能指望另外一个国家来援助我们。具有这种用法的多半为成语动词,如 call on(号召),long for(渴望),vote for(投票赞成),prevail upon(说服),wait for(等待)等。又如:
We are waiting for him to arrive. 我们正等着他来。
注 4:在 listen to 和 look at 后的“宾语 + 不定式(作宾补)”结构中,不定式常不带 to。例如:
I listened to the engine make a noise. 当时我倾听发动机发出闹声。
I like to look at children swim. 我喜欢观看小孩游泳。
注意有时介词后单独接“介词宾语 + 不定式”,以构成复合宾语。例如:The weeds grow without people to help. 杂草是在无人照料情 况下生长的。
注 5:根据上下文作逻辑判别。例如:If we succeed in experimenting with ways of using solar energy to desalt, desert regions near oceans may be able to get enough fresh water to become fertile. 如果我们对于利用太阳能淡化海水的方法进行实验取得成功,则濒海的荒芜地区就能获得足够的淡水而变为富饶。(句末 to become… 为结果状语而不是宾语补语。)
V. 作主语补语
现举两个例子来说明宾语补语和主语补语之间的联系:
We know this chemical change to be under way.(主动态)
直接宾语 宾语补语
我们知道这一化学变化正在进行中。
This chemical change is known to be under way. (被动态)
主语 主语补语
大家都知道,这一化学变化正在进行中。(意译)
上面第 1 句中的主动态不定式是句中直接宾语 change 的宾语补语。
在第 2 句被动态中 change 变为主语,但不定式仍说明 change,故叫做“主语补语”。再举几个包含主语补语的例子:
This material was proved to be extremely stable. 这种材料曾被证实是极其稳定的。
These reactions were thought to proceed smoothly. 当时曾认为这些反应进行得很顺利。
必须注意,在本情况下,当不定式是 tobe 时,有时就可省略不用。例如:
Computer sand foreign languages are considered (to be) very important. 人们认为计算机和外语很重要。
He can be depended on to solve this problem. 可以依靠他来解决这个问题。
(句子未按原文结构翻译。其相应的主动句为:We can depend on him to solve this problem. 这里不定式短语作宾语补语。)
Ⅵ. 作后置定语
The capacity (或 ability) todo work is known as energy. 作功的本领通常称为功。
注 1:类似于 capacity 等的抽象名词还有 power(能力),way(方法,方式),chance(机会),tendency(趋势、倾向),determination(决心),order(命令、指令)等,其后均可用不定式短语作后置定语。
This is the work to be done. 这是要做的工作。
It is a difficult question to answer. 这是一个难以回答的问题。
This is a fine room to work in. 这是一间适于(在其内)工作的好房间。
注 2:注意上两句中不定式作定语的特点:不定式中缺位的宾语或介词宾语正好是所修饰的前面名词。现再举几例如下:
1)The personal office is the place to send your application to. 人事处是你申请书发往的单位。
2)The astronauts may have to sit in the spacecraft for weeks, with very little to do and no one to talk with. 宇航员也许得坐在宇宙飞船好几个星期,并且无所作为和无人可以交谈。
There is no key with which to open the door. (或… no key to open the door with.) 没有能打开这扇门的钥匙。
注 3:不定式动词如带有介词,则作定语时,仍可保留它的介词,甚至还用上关系代词。详见上述最后两句。
注 4:注意与下列句子进行比较:
1)She speaks too fast (for me) to understand. 她讲话太快,(我)不好理解。(句末 understand 空缺的 her 不允许表示出来,而“她”正是句中的主语 she。)
2)The room is comfortable to live in. 这房间住起来舒服。
注 5:上两句内不定式动词缺位的宾语和介词宾语,正好是句中主语。注意这种不定式作形容词(在句中作表语)的状语的用法。甚至当该形容词作宾语补语或主语补语时,这种用法照样保留。例如:
1)We consider the question (to be) difficult to answer. 我们认为这问题难于回答。(宾语补语)
2)The question is considered (to be) difficult to answer. 这问题被认为是难于回答的。(主语补语)
3)We found the room comfortable to live in.(当时)我们发现这房间住起来舒服。(宾语补语)
4)The room was found comfortable to live in. 当时发现这房间住起来舒服。(主语补语)
Ⅶ. 作状语,一般有三种情况:
A. 表示结果
This metal acts on water to set hydrogen free. 这种金属作用于水,就放出氢。
That tool is too heavy to lift directly. 那件工具太重,不能直接举起。
The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 温度高得足以使水变为蒸汽。
注:too… 和 enough 后面的不定式,一般表示结果程度含义。例如上面第 2,3 句。
This question is difficult to answer. 这个问题难于回答。
Trees can grow to be many thousands of times the size of what they were at first. 树能长到相当于树苗千万倍的大小。
B. 表示目的,常采用“in order + 不定式”或直接用不定式表示:
We use electricity (in order) to run machines. 我们使用电力来开动机器。
In order to go on a trip, we must have enough money and time. 为了去旅游,我们必须有足够的钱和时间。
They went there to work to overcome these difficulties. 那时他们是为着解决这些困难去那边工作的。
注:上句中 to work 是 went 的目的状语,而 to overcome…(解决问题)是 to work 的目的状语。
C. “such 或 so + as + 不定式”表示目的或结果状语(判别见本节四、Ⅵ B. 和第 16 节例 69,74):
We do that so as to save time. 我们那么做是为了省时间。(目的状语)
We shall work so hard as to overcome our difficulties. 我们将努力工作,以克服我们的困难。(目的状语)
Water is reacted (或 united) with many of the oxides so readily as to form (或 yield) some important compounds. 水易于和许多氧化物起反应(或化合),并形成一些重要的化合物。(结果状语)
These two compounds react in such a way as to give off oxygen. 这两个化合物按这种方式起反应,就能放出氧气。(结果状语)
D. 不定式短语作原因状语
He felt much honoured to have you come to visit China. 能有您来中国访问,当时他感到非常荣幸。
They were delighted to learn of the arrival of our teacher. 他们听说我们的老师抵达大为高兴。
Any modern scientist would be thrilled to have his research compared with Einstein’s. 任何当代科学家都会由于其研究可与爱因斯坦的研究相媲美而感到激动。
E. 不定式短语作条件状语
To look at her, you would never guess she was a professor.(如果)看她的样子,你决想不到她是一位教授。
To hear him sing, you might take him for a girl.(如果)听他唱,你也许会认为他是女孩。
F. 不定式短语作让步状语
To do his best, he won't be able to review so many lessons in time. 即使他竭尽全力,他仍不能按时复习那么多课的书。
Ⅷ. 不定式短语作同位语:
Our task, todo that work in one day, could be accomplished. 我们的任务是用一天时间做完那项工作,那是可能完成的。
Their purpose, to produce more video cameras for the country, worthy of praise (或… worthy to be praised 或… worthy of being praised). 他们的目的是要为国家生产更多的摄像机,这是值得表扬的。
The question (of) whether to fly to Shanghai has not been decided yet. 是否飞往上海的问题尚未决定。
Ⅸ. 不定式短语作插入语:
By energy, to be exact, we mean the capacity to do work. 准确地说,我们所指的能量是作功的本领。
To conclude, his coming here is a great help to us. 总之,他来到这里对我们帮助很大。
His English is poor, to begin with. 首先是他的英语差。
X. 注意“疑问词 + 不定式”在句中的功能(通常顶一个名词):
How to do it is a difficult question. 如何做这件事是一个难题。(主语)
The question is when to start. 问题是何时出发。(表语)
We do not know where to stop. 我们不知道在哪儿停下来。(宾语)
They did not tell us whether to go on or to stop. 他们没有告诉我们继续走还是停下来。(宾语)
We had a useful discussion on the question of how to repair this machine. 我们曾对如何修理这台机器的问题进行了有益的讨论。(介词宾语)
He was at a loss as to how to get rid of trouble. 他惊惶失措,不知如何摆脱窘境。(介词宾语)
三、关于“ for 或其它有关介词 + 名词(或代词)+ 不定式”结构和不定式动词的主动态及被动态表达方法
I. 用 for + 名词(或代词)来表示不定式的行为逻辑主体:
This is the right place for a plant to grow. 这正是一种植物生长的好地方。(定语)
The electronic computer is not only an ideal machine for us to solve complicated problems with but (also) a good device for us to store facts and information in. 电子计算机不仅是我们用以解难题的一种理想机器,而且也是我们储存资料和数据的良好装置。(定语)
It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 有必要将这些货物包装在结实的箱子内。(主语)
The best solution is for them to make an investment of one billion yuan in the project. 最好的解决办法是让他们在这个项目投资十亿元人民币。(表语)
All these conditions made it possible for us to be living a happy life. 所有这些条件使我们能过着幸福的生活。(it 为形式宾语,带 for… 的不定式短语为真正宾语)
The valve opened for air to enter.(那时)阀门打开,从而使空气进入。(结果状语)
In order for this process to take place it is necessary to raise the temperature. 为了使该过程发生,就有必要升高温度。
II. 注意由 of 引出不定式的逻辑主体的用法特点
It is kind (或 nice) of you to help me (to) review the lessons. 你真好,帮我复习功课。
How considerable of you to take me a show! 你多么体贴入微,领我去看演出!
A:I’ve left my umbrella in the bus. 甲:我把雨伞拉在公共汽车上了。
B:That was careless of you. 乙:那是你不小心了。(后略 to leave…。)
从上述例句中可看出,所用的形容词都是表示智力或品行的形容词来描述人,而不定式短语所表示的行为也可用这个形容词来描绘。在这两个前提都具备时,就应该用 of 引出行为主体,尽量不用 for 引出。以上述第二句为例。带我去看演出是“体贴入微”,而 you 本人也可用 considerable 来描述。这类用法的形容词有:thoughtful (考虑周到的),stupid (笨的),rude (粗鲁的),wrong,clever 等。
III. 注意某些“动词 + 有关介词 + 介词宾语 + 不定式”本身是固定短语的用法
He depended (或relied, counted) on you to help him. 当时他依靠(或指望)你来帮助他。
She wants to ask (for) Jenny to come here. 她想请詹妮来这里。(若用 for,则含有目的意味。)
We’ll wait for that task to be fulfilled. 我们将等那项任务完成。
The teacher called on (或 upon) us to plant trees. 老师号召了我们种树。
Ⅳ. 动词不定式的主动态和被动态表达方法
当不定式所说明的人或物是不定式所表示的动作的对象(即是一种“动词和宾语”的关系)时,不定式一般可用被动态。例如:
Some molecules are large enough to be seen in the electronic microscope. 有些分子大得足以能够用电子显微镜看见它们。
The book seems to have been translated into many languages already. 这本书看来已译成了好多种 语言。
We want the letter to be typed at once. 我们希望信件马上打字。
Let us show you the engine to be tested. 让我们给你看看要检验的那台发动机。
但是问题在于某些句子结构中,不定式虽然和所说明的人或物是“动词和宾语”的关系,但仍用主动态的不定式. 阅读时必须正确对待。例如:
They gave me some books to read. 他们给了我几本书阅读。
We found the report hard to understand. 我们觉得这个报告难以理解。
上面两句中不定式所表示的动作,从意义上看,分别是 me(我)和 we(我们) 产生的。因此,没有用被动态不定式,看来与不定式动词的逻辑主语在句中已出现有关。但是也有句中不定式逻辑主体没有出现而仍用主动态不定式的。例如:
There is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要做。(但用 to be done也可,都作定语。)
It is an easy question to answer. 这是个易于回答的问题。(但用 to be answered 也可,都作定语。)
This question is easy to answer. 这个问题容易回答。(但用 to be answered 也可,都作状语。)
This weather is not fit to make the experiment in. (=It is not fit to make the experiment in this weather.) 这种天气不适于做那个实验。(不定式短语作状语,修饰前面的形容词。但在括号内的句子中,不定式短语则作真正主语。)
上面四个例句中的不定式没有用被动态,可以理解为泛指不定式的逻辑主语或省略“for + 不定式的逻辑主语”结构。如果强调不定式的逻辑主语,上述四个句子中都可以在不定式主动态前加用“for + 不定式的逻辑主语”结构。但是在“I have much work to do”中,就不能用不定式被动态 to be done 代替。句中已出现发生动作的 "I" 是一个理由,正因为如此,不能再在不定式动词前面使用”for+逻辑主语” 结构。
四、不定式各种语法作用的判别。
I. 根据不定式在句中的位置来进行判别:
A. 句子一开头就用不定式,后面主语和谓语完整不缺,这时不定式一般作目的状语用,但有时可能是插入语,极少数情况下可能是条件状语等。要根据上下文和短语含义进行判断。例如:
To run a direct current motor, we must connect it to a direct current source. 为了开动直流电机,我们必须把它接到直流电源上。(目的状语)
To say the truth, he is not equal to this task. 老实说,他不能胜任这项任务。(插入语)
To compare this book with that one, you would find a great difference between them both. 如果将这本书同那本书比较一下,你就会发现这两本书大不相同。(条件状语)
B. 表示结果意义的不定式,其位置一般都在句末,但在句末的不定式不全是表示结果意义的。最后判别得靠上下文才能决定。如果句末出现“only + 不定式短语”结构,则常作结果状语,一般都是未曾想到的不愉快的结果或只是偶尔表示未曾料到的愉快结果。
Hydrogen and copper oxide react to form copper and water. 氢和氧化铜起反应就产生铜和水。(结果状语)
Energy must be added to cause some chemical changes to occur. 必须加入能量,才能使某些化学变化发生。(第一个不定式为目的状语,第二个为宾语补语。)
This question is too difficult to answer. 这个问题太难,回答不了。(程度状语。注意“too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式”用法,后面不定式翻译时得加否定词。详见本书第 112 节、三~五。)
We reached the railway station only to be told the Beijing Express had left two minutes before. 我们到达火车站,结果有人告诉我们说,北京直达快车在两分钟前开走了。
I hurried back only to find my daughter waiting still for me. 我急忙回来,结果发现女儿仍然在等我。
C. 作定语的不定式,其位置必然在所修饰的名词后面,多半不会超出前面大词组范围。例如:
We have quite a lot of work to do. 我们有很多工作要做。(直译为:我们有很多要做的工作。)
The ability of a material to unite with oxygen is a chemical property. 一个物质和氧化合的能力是一种化学性质。
II. 判别不定式作宾语补语用时,应首先注意句中主要动词是否是表示判断、料想、意见、心理感觉的动词(如believe 相信,think 想,consider 认为,report 报告,know 知道,find 发现,see 看见等)。如果是,再加上主要动词的直接宾语能够发出后面不定式所表示的动作,句意又符合逻辑,那就很可能是宾语补语。例如:
We think these reactions to proceed in a violent manner. 我们认为这些反应能进行得很剧烈。
Knowing X to equal Y, we can solve this equation. 知道 X 等于 Y,我们就能解这个方程式。
判别时把 knowing 换成原形动词,这个分词结构中后面的宾语补语不就很清楚了吗!此外,仍须注意上下文。例如:
They wrote (for) us to come. 他们写信要我们去。(句中 for 还可省略,仍应理解为目的状语,不能理解为宾语和宾语补语。这里要靠上下文进行逻辑判别。)
III. 判别主语补语时,首先注意主要的谓语动词是否是上述那些动词变来的被动态。由于汉语中被动态用得不如英语多,一时不易理解,不妨可以把句子改成相应的主动态,主语变为“人们”或“我们”,这时原来的句子主语变为直接宾语,动词不定式变为宾语补语,就易于接受和理解句子意思了。例如:
The molecules of all matter are believed to be moving. 先把它改成主动态的句子,则为:
We believe the molecules of all matter to be moving.
上两句均可译为:我们确信所有物质的分子都在运动中。
The data have been admitted to be correct.
同理,可改为下列主动态句子:
All of us have admitted the data to be correct. 我们大家都已承认这些数据是正确的。
考虑到这个句子翻译成汉语被动态形式,中国人也能接受,故上句也可译为:这些数据已被公认为是正确的。但是对于科技书刊中较为常用的“主语 + is said + 不定式(作主语补语用)”这种句型来说,就不能采用上述将被动态还原为主动语态的办法。应按汉语“(我们或人们)说……(指主语)怎么怎么了”或“据说……”格式翻译即可。例如:
When a body moves from one position to another, it is said to have had a displacement. 如果一个物体从一位置往另一位置移动,我们就说它有了位移。注意有时还出现过去分词结构带着类似于主语补语的句子成份。例如:
The book known to be difficult is in the library. 大家都知道的那本难读的书是在图书馆。(句中 known 短语作 book 的定语。改写为 "The book which is known to be difficult is in the library", 就容易看出过去分词后边带了一个主语补语。)
Ⅳ. 注意有些来自动词或形容词的同源名词,也可跟用原动词或原形容词要求跟用的不定式。例如:
Electricity possesses the ability to do work. 电具有作功的本领。试比较:Electricity is able to do work. 电能够作功。
They made an attempt to improve the working method. 他们对操作方法的改进作了一次尝试。试比较:He attempted to solve the problem.(当时)他试图解这道题。
属于本类用法的同源名词还有:determination(决心),capacity(能力),tendency(倾向),hope(希望),plan(计划)等。
Ⅴ. 注意某些场合下,不定式带 to 和不带 to 在意义上有显 著差别
当 make, have 作“致使”讲时,后面不定式不带 to;如果带to, 则 make 和 have 分别作“制作”和“有”讲。例如:
We like to have the house look clean and tidy. 我们喜欢使房子显得干净整齐。(宾语补语)
We will have you know that we have made the machine work at full speed. 我们要你知道我们已使这台机器全速运转了。(斜体字都是宾语补语)
a) He has no one help him. 他不要人帮他忙。(宾语补语)
b) He has no one to help. 他没有人要帮忙。(定语。原义为:他没有需要帮助的人。)
c) He has no one to help him. 他没有人帮他的忙。(定语。原义为:他没有帮他忙的人。)
Electricity makes elevators run. 电使电梯运转。(宾语补语)
They have made the oil and water separate from each other. 他们已使油、水彼此分离。(宾语补语)
We make more steel to develop our industry and agriculture. 我们生产更多的钢以发展我们的工农业。(目的状语)
We made some changes in our plan to improve our work. 我们对计划作了某些修改,以改进我们的工作。(目的状语)
必须指出,当句中主要动词 make(使得)变为被动态后,其后面所带的不定式动词就都要带 to。虽然这时不定式带 to,却不一定表示这个带 to 的不定式作目的状语用。例如:
He was made to come. 有人让他来的。(主语补语)
see, hear 等动词后面用的不定式(作宾语补语)也不带to,但变为被动态后,不定式都要加 to,但也不一定表示不定式具有目的意义。例如:
He was seen to drive the truck at high speed. 有人见他高速驾驶卡车。(主语补语。直译为:他被人看见高速……)
Ⅵ. 是内容决定形式,而不是形式决定内容:
A. 下面三句结构形式都是“主语 + be(随主语而变)+ 不定式”:
They are to improve the network news. 他们要改进网络新闻。
Our task is to develop the west of China. 我们的任务是开发中国西部。
These books are not to be taken out of the library. 这些书不准携出图书馆外。
判别依据是第 1 句中 they 能产生 improve(改进)这个动作,故这个”be + 不定式”结构表示拟议中“将要做的动作”。但第二句中ourtask(我们的任务)本身不能产生 build(建设)这个动作,但 build 这个动作在逻辑上却等于主语所表达的意思——“我们的任务”,于是就成了“A is B (表语)“的结构,只不过这里表语 B 是以不定式表示而已。
第三句结构是 "be + not + tobe + 过去分词",虽然表面上与上述句型结构相同,但多了个 not 和过去分词的要求,就作“禁止”、“不许可”意思用了。
B. 下面两句结构都是"so + as + 不定式":
We do that so as to save a great deal of time. 我们这样做是为了节省很多时间。(目的状语)
Such instruments are so well known as not to require detailed description here. 这些仪表是众所周知的,因此不需要在此处详细描述。(结果状语)
遇到上述情况,仅仅凭语法结构就无能为力了,只能根据上下文进行逻辑判断,以决定后面的不定式是目的意义还是结果意义。
Ⅶ. 不定式短语前有 in order, so as 或 on purpose, 则整个短语作目的状语;有时上述这些词还可省略。
We work hard in order (或 so as) to build a beautiful city. 我们努力工作是为了建立一个美丽的城市。(可省略 in order 或 so as。)
He went there on purpose (或 in order) to make demonstration. 他去那儿是为了作示范表演。(可省略 on purpose 或 in order。)
Ⅷ. 注意用 to 代替前面已出现的不定式短语或谓语动词等:
You may clear the dishes off the table if you want to. 你愿意的话,可以把桌上的盘子清理走。
He wants to pull out the nail, but we prefer not to. 他想要拔掉这个钉子,但我们想还是不拔为宜。
-ing 现在分词和动名词的用法和判别
一、-ing 的基本用法
I. “be + -ing + …”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态。(参阅第 134 节、五~八)
The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. 液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流。(现在进行时主动态)
When he came here, we were studying English. 当他来这里时,我们正在学习英语。(过去进行时主动态)
In a few years the station will be feeding (或 supplying) power to many industrial plants. 再过几年,那座发电站将向许多工厂供电。(将来进行时主动态)
II. “have, had 或 shall (或 will) have + been + -ing + …”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态。(参阅第 134 节、九~十三)
We have been studying the environment protection for a longtime. 很久以来我们一直在研究环境保护。(现在完成进行时主动态)
Chemists had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. 化学家们一直在研究大气,研究了约二千年,它的组成才被发现。(过去完成进行时主动态)
By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. 到今年年底,他们学习英语有一年了。(将来完成进行时主动态,主语第一人称,则可用 shall 代 will。)
I have just been thinking of my friends back home. 我刚才正想念我的那些回家的朋友。
注:下列动词极少用于进行时(包括完成进行时):know, hear, feel, appear, appreciate, believe, forget, like, look like…, notice, remember, resemble, see 等。
III. “being + 过去分词”构成被动态. 这里有三种情况:
A.“is (或 was) + being(现在分词)+ 过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态:
This network computer is being operated by a programmer. 这台网络计算机现在正由一位程序员在操作。
When I entered the workshop, the machine toll was being adjusted by a worker. 当我进入车间时,那台机床正由一位工人在调整。
注:将来进行时和完成进行时没有相应的被动态。
B. being 前没有 is 或 was 之类动词,仅仅是动名词“being + 过去分词”构成被动意义。例如:
The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly. 物体静止,就阻止物体本身迅速移动。(直接宾语。意译。)
Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflected. 电视波径直通过这一层(指电离层)而不被反射。(介词宾语)
He went this way in order to escape being seen. 他走这条路是为了避开被人看见。(直接宾语)
She hasn't been used to being spoken to like that yet. 她尚不习惯于别人那样地对她说话。(介词宾语)
C. “being(现在分词)+ 过去分词”作定语和在独立分词结构中以及介词后的“主谓”结构(即复合结构)中的用法
We must pay attention to the problems being discussed here. 我们必须重视这里正在(被)讨论的问题。(定语)
The electric current produced is the result of chemical energy being changed to electrical energy. 所产生的电流是化学能转变为电能的结果。(复合结构作介词宾语。)
Ⅳ. “-ing + 原动词具有的搭配关系”在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语、介词宾语。(除其中作状语用的 -ing 为现在分词外,其余均为动名词。)
A. 作主语用:
Melting and boiling take place under certain conditions. 熔融和沸腾发生在一定条件之下。
In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid. 在给定情况下,加热这种固体能使它变成液体。
There is no failing in the test. 不可能在试验中失败。
注:“There is + no + -ing “表示“不可能”之意。
a. It’s no use asking the old woman — she doesn't understand what we say. 问这位老妇人毫无用处——她不懂得我们说的话。(本句还可用 There’s no use (in) asking…代替。)
b. Is it any use trying to keep company with him? 力争跟他交往有用吗?
注:动名词短语作真正主语很少见,不如不定式为多。它主要用在含有 no use, useless, no good, worth while, waste, dangerous, senseless(无意义的,愚蠢的),nuisance(讨厌的),foolish 等词的搭配结构中。例如:It is senseless (或 a waste of time) doing that. 做那件事是无意义的(或浪费时间的)。
B. 作宾语、介词宾语或个别形容词的宾语用:
I like reading English every morning. 我喜欢每天早晨读英语。(动词宾语)
Their installation method is worth trying. 他们的安装方法值得试一试。(固定要求,作形容词宾语。)
The process of dissolving table salt in water is a physical change. 食盐溶解于水的过程是物理变化。(介词宾语详见下文 E。)
We think it no use increasing resistance in the experiment. 我们认为在这个实验中增加电阻无用。(真正宾语。动名词短语作真正宾语很少见,只有当其宾语补语为上面注中那些词时才行。)
The children need looking after (或 caring for). 这些小孩需要照顾。(动词宾语。after 或 for 后缺位的宾语正好是句中主语,但不可写出。动词 need 后不可用动名词被动态结构,却可用不定式被动态结构作动词宾语。)
C. 作表语用;(下面三例不是进行时,其中 moving 转为形容词。)
Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 为人民服务是我们最大的 幸福。
Our production task is making pagers. 我们的生产任务是制造寻呼机。
This piece of news is very moving. 这条新闻很感动人。
注:与上述现在分词 moving 类似的形容词还有;exciting(令人激动的),interesting(令人感兴趣的→有趣的),surprising(令人惊讶的→惊人的)等。显然,它们都是由及物动词的现在分词转化为形容词。理解时前后加“令人……的”即可,然后用合乎汉语习惯的言词表达。这不等于说任何及物动词都可这样转化为形容词。
D. -ing(现在分词)短语作状语用,含有时间、原因、让步、方式或伴随、结果等意义,但比较含蓄,只能根据上下文仔细琢磨。
Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed into heat. 声音通过液体或固体时,就转变为热。(时间状语)
The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace. 这种金属在炉子里加热到一定温度以后,就放在空气中冷却。(时间状语)
He is standing there, waiting for an assignment. 他正站在那边等待分配任务。(目的状语)
Not having done it, we tried again. 由于没有做成,我们就又试了。(原因状语。not 不能位于 having 后面。否定非谓语动词时,not 均应位于非谓语动词前面。)
We read the book sitting by the window. 我们坐在窗户旁边读书。(方式状语。siting 前无逗号,却不能理解为说明 book, 因此必须强调逻辑判别。)
Weighing 2,210 tons,the automatic forging press is operated by one worker only. 虽然自动锻压机重 2,210 吨,但只由一个工人操作。(让步状语)
We increase the length of the wire, thus (或 thereby) increasing its resistance. 我们增加导线的长度,从而增加了导线电阻。(thus 或 there by 后的 -ing 短语一般表示结果含义。)
Some students came running towards us. 几个学生朝着我们方向跑来。(方式状语)
Not knowing how to operate the pen computer, he asked Henry for help. 他不知如何操作这台笔控计算机,便请求亨利帮助。(原因状语)
Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrease the speed of the motor. 如果减小电流,则电动机的转速就能相应减低。(条件状语)
He knew how to run the machine, having been a worker ten years. 他当了十年工人,才知道如何开动这台机器。(原因状语。现在分词短语的完成式虽在句末,其动作仍在谓语动词之前。)
The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. 医生按了脉搏以后,断定你病已好转。(时间状语)
上述例句中,完成时的 -ing 表示其动作在主句动作之前已完成(见例句 2, 4, 11, 12),其余则和主句动词的动作差不多同时发生。注意本情况下 -ing 还有以被动态出现的形式(见例句 2),这时句中主语就是行为对象。-ing 作状语时,多半有逗号隔开,但有例外(见上面第 5, 8 句),故需逻辑判别。此外,注意作状语的分词短语一般位于句首或句末,但有时位于主、谓语中间。
E. -ing (动名词)短语作介词宾语用:
We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我们用这工具来旋紧螺栓。
Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在开动发动机之前,你应该把它仔细弄干净,并且上好润滑油。(注意 starting 的逻辑主体应该和句中主语有关。)
You succeeded in improving the housing conditions. 你们顺利地改善了住房条件。
We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressing it. 对空气冷却和压缩,我们可以使它变为液体。
After having been discussed the report was published. 这份报告在讨论完以后,就发表了。
Through being left out all night in the rain the metal had rusted. 由于这种金属整宵放在外边挨雨淋,它已经生锈了。
We did not speak of having seen this play. 我们没说过已看了这部戏。
On breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we still get complete magnets. 把磁铁砸成更短小的碎块时,我们得到的仍然是一些完全的磁铁。
Did he feel sorry for not coming in time? 他对没有及时来感到遗憾吗?
Would you consider giving her another five minutes before giving up waiting for him altogether? 你是否考虑让她再等他五分钟,然后一起离开?(意译)
注意完成时表示形式(见例句 5、7)和被动态形式(见例句 5、6)。注意动名词的否定形式(见例句 9)。一般说来,作介词宾语的 -ing 短语仍须考虑与相应主语有协调的语态关系。若将上述第 2, 5 句分别改为 being started 和 discussing, 则句中主语就应作相应调整,使前后语态有一致的相应关系。
Ⅴ. -ing及其短语作定语用
(一) 按其位置,作定语的 -ing 有在所修饰的名词之前和之后两种:
A. -ing 在所修饰的名词之前
I have read a lot of interesting and exciting novels. 我读了许多有趣的和令人激动的小说。
That is a good-looking computer. 那是一台外形美观的计算机。
注 1:上述两个 -ing 已变为纯粹的形容词,已没有原来动词的特征。关于这一点可以通过查阅辞典得知。
We must test the device under operating conditions. 我们必须在操作条件下试验这个装置。
Without air a living thing will die. 没有空气,生物就会死。
The moving water and air have mechanical energy. 流动的水和空气都具有机械能。
注 2:当 -ing 的前面有冠词 a 或 the,而后面有所修饰的名词时,则 -ing 必是作定语用的(见例句 2,4,5)。但是这个规律不能逆推,如例句 1,3 中,前面什么冠词都没有,-ing 仍 作定语用。
注 3:注意有动宾关系的 -ing 短语或“表示行为方式的名词 + -ing”短语作前置定语。例如:a metal cutting machine 一台金属切割机,the peace-loving people 热爱和平的人民,a high-speed heating furnace 一个高速加热炉,a hand riveting machine 一台手铆机等。
注 4:作前置定语的 -ing 短语允许用相应的副词修饰后面的 -ing。例如:a freely falling body一个自由落体,fast moving molecules 快速运动的分子等。
B. -ing 或其短语在所修饰的名词的后面
Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 凡是物质,都具有重量和占有空间。
This is the ratio of oxygen reacting to water formed. 这就是参加反应的氧和生成的水之间的比。
The man working by the machine with the worker is a student. 在机器旁边和工人一起劳动的男人是一个学生。
The house being built will be our new laboratory. 正在建筑中的这所房子将是我们的新实验室。
This glass container, having a base of 80 cm2, is 15 cm high. 这只底面积为 80 厘米2 的玻璃容器高 15 厘米。(分译也可)
Henry and his friend, conversing earnestly together, ceased as you approached. 亨利和他的朋友在热诚地谈话,当你走过去时,他们便不谈了。
注 1. 现在分词短语作后置定语时,若短语前后有标点符号和其它成分隔开,则为非限制性定语。上面最后两句中的现在分词短语就作非限制性定语。这种定语可理解为非限制性定语从句的紧缩形式。上两句中相应展开的非限制性定语从句分别为:"which has a base of 80 cm2"和"who were conversing earnestly together"。这时前后逗号仍保留。
注 2:有时它不是作非限制性定语,而是作状语。这要靠上下文进行逻辑判别。只要不影响理解,这方面的差别不必过分注意。
(二) 根据被 -ing 所修饰的名词(指人、物)能否产生 -ing 所表示的动作来分,作定语的 -ing 有下列两种情况:
A. -ing 和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的“主谓”关系,并以此表示所修饰名词的特征。这时 -ing 为现在分词。例如:
the working people 劳动人民
running water 流水
boiling water 沸水(正在开着的水)
freely falling body 自由落体
B. -ing 和所修饰的名词没有逻辑上的“主谓”关系。这时 -ing 为动名词,一般表示用途或表示与所修饰的名词有关的动作。例如:
drinking water 饮用水
a reading-room 阅览室
the boiling temperature 沸腾温度,沸点
the operating conditions 操作条件
a packing method 包装法
a writing desk 写字桌
Ⅵ. “the + -ing + of + 原动词的宾语”,这种结构中的 -ing 和名词一样,在句中可作各种成分用,后面还可以搭配原动词要求的介词短语。
The melting of iron requires a very high temperature. 铁的熔融需要一个很高的温度。
Oxidation means the combining of any material with oxygen. 氧化指的是任何物质和氧的化合。
The sudden heating of the air by lightning flashes causes thunder. 闪电对空气的突然加热,就引起了雷鸣。(这里用 by 引出 -ing 的行为发出者。)
从上述例句中不难看出,原动词的其它支配关系仍然可以保留(见例句 2,3 中的 with 和 by 短语)。但是修饰动词原来用的是副词,在本情况下改用形容词。
Ⅶ. “主语 + 感觉动词或 have(致使)等 + 宾语 + -ing”,句中 -ing(现在分词)作宾语补语用,即 -ing 起着宾语的“谓语”作用。
we saw the train coming towards the station.(当时)我们看见火车正朝着车站开过来。
Those conditions can't have you doing the experiment. 那些条件不能使你做这个实验。