动词的时态
| 时间 | 一般时态 | 进行时态 | 完成时态 | 完成进行时态 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | work works 一般现在时 | am is working are 现在进行时 | has have worked 现在完成时 | has have been working 现在完成进行时 |
| 过去 | worked 一般过去时 | was were working 过去进行时 | had worked 过去完成时 | had been working 过去完成进行时 |
| 将来 | shall will work 一般将来时 | shall will be working 将来进行时 | shall will have worked 将来完成时 | shall will have been working 将来完成进行时 |
| 过去将来 | should would work 一般过去将来时 | should would be working 过去将来进行时 | should would have worked 过去将来完成时 | should would have been working 过去将来完成进行时 |
动词的现在时
1. 一般现在时
(1) 一般现在时表示经常性的动作或状态
一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态时，常与often, always, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。如：
The shop opens at nine every day. 这家商店每天九点开门。
It seldom snows here. 这儿很少下雪。
(2) 一般现在时表示客观存在或普遍真理
Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。
Food easily goes bad in hot weather. 天气热时食物容易坏。
(3) 一般现在时表示主语的特征或状态
The picture looks very beautiful. 这幅画看起来很美。
Air contains oxygen and nitrogen. 空气含有氧和氮。
(4) 一般现在时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态
I'll tell her about it as soon as I see her.
When does the train arrive? 火车几点到？
(5) 用于图片说明或剧本中的动作提示和背景说明
INSIDE THE SHELTER: Stockton slowly turns to face his wife. The angry screaming cries of the people ring in their ears even as they depart.
防空洞中：斯道克顿慢慢转过身，面对他的妻子。那群人正在离去，而他们愤怒的尖叫声却还回响在他们的耳边。
(6) 电视节目直播解说
It's Carter to serve- he needs just one more point. He serves. And Smith misses. What a great serve!So the championship goes to 19-year-old Harry Carter.
该卡特发球了，他只需再得一分就赢了。他发球了，史密斯接球失误。多漂亮的发球！冠军属于了19岁的哈利-卡特。
2. 现在进行时
(1) 现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作
表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常有表示现阶段的时间状语，如：
today, this week, this month, this year, this term, now等。
He is writing a novel now. 他目前正在写一部小说。
(2) 现在进行时表示经常性的动作
现在进行时在表示经常性、重复性或习惯性的动作时必须与 only, merely, simply, really, fast, rapidly, steadily, forever, all the time, always, constantly, continually, repeatedly 等频度副词连用。如：
She is always complaining. 她总是在抱怨。
(3) 现在进行时表示按计划或已安排好要做的事
这一用法只适用于某些动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, spend, sail, meet, fly 等。如：
The guest is leaving by train tonight. 客人今晚坐火车走。
(4) 补充说明
[1] 在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字眼，但在译为英语时必须用进行时态。如：
It's raining heavily. 下大雨了。
How is everything going? 事情进展如何？
[2] 有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有：
表示感觉或感情的词，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。
表示存在或所属的词，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。
表示认识或理解的词，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。
3. 现在完成时
(1) 现在完成时表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态
现在完成时的这种用法通常与由 since 或 for 引导的时间状语连用。如：
The old man have lived here for more than twenty years.
老人已在此住了20多年了。
(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的对现在有影响的动作
[1] 现在完成时的这种用法有时不带时间状语，有时可以和 already, before, ever, just, lately, never, once, recently, yet 等一些所指时间不具体的时间状语连用。如：
Have you ever been to Australia? 你去过澳大利亚吗？
[2] 有时现在完成时和 now, today, this morning, this week, this year 等表示现在的时间状语连用。如：
I haven' t seen him today. 我今天没见过他。
I have seen him only once this year. 我今年只见过他一次。
(3) 现在完成时在时间和条件状语从句中表示将来完成的动作
I'll go to the party as soon as (or when) I have finished my homework.
我完成作业后就去参加聚会。
(4) 现在完成时和until now, so far, in the past few years, up to the present 等表示从某时到目前这段时间的状语连用
I have not heard from her so far.
到目前为止，我没有收到过她的信。
We have learned five hundred words up to the present.
到目前为止，我们已学了五百个生词。
但要注意：当意义明确时，适用现在完成时的句子可以不用时间状语。如：
He has done a lot of work. 他干了许多工作。
She has told me about her story. 她跟我讲过她的故事。
4. 现在完成进行时
(1) 现在完成进行时表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或刚刚结束的动作
I've been writing letters all this morning.
我写了一上午信。（动作不再继续）
O'Neil is ill. He' s been lying in the bed for three weeks.
奥尼尔在病中，已卧床3个星期了。（动作会继续下去）
(2) 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在的重复性动作
现在完成进行时的这种用法所表示的并不是一直在进行的动作，而是断断续续地反复发生的动作。如：
What have you been doing all this time?
你一直都在干什么来着？（动作可能继续下去）
That reporter has been contributing articles to this magazine all these years.
这些年那个记者一直为这家杂志撰稿。（断断续续地反复发生的动作）