代词的种类及5种基本代词的用法
1. 代词的种类
| 类 别 | 举 例 |
|---|---|
| 人称代词(主格) | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
| 人称代词(宾格) | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them |
| 形容词性物主代词 | my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their |
| 名词性物主代词 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs |
| 反身代词 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself |
| 相互代词 | each other, one another |
| 指示代词 | this, that, these, those, such |
| 疑问代词 | who, whom, whose, what, which |
| 关系代词 | who, whom, whose, which, that, as, but |
| 不定代词 | some, any; somebody, someone, something; anybody, anyone, anything; everybody, everyone, everything; nobody, no one, nothing; many, few, a few; much, little, a little; all, both; each, either; none, neither; one; other, another |
2. 人称代词的用法
(1) 人称代词主格在句中作主语：
The light is bad here. I can't see clearly.
这儿的光线不好，我看不清。
She hesitated a moment, and then sat down beside me.
她犹豫了一会儿，然后在我身边坐下来。
We should keep calm even we are in danger.
即使在危急时刻我们也要保持冷静。
(2) 人称代词宾格在句中作宾语和表语：
There was nobody to tell him, to hint him, to give him at least a word of advice.
没有人告诉他，或暗示他，或起码给他一句忠告。(宾语)
Are you for it or against it? 你是赞成还是反对？(宾语)
Oh, it's you. 啊，是你呀。(表语)
If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就接受这个建议。(表语)
在并列主语中，I总放在最后。如：
You and I 我和你
He and I 我和他
You, he and I 你我他
3. 物主代词的用法
(1) 形容词性物主代词在句中作定语
My computer has been updated. 我的电脑已经升级了。
She turned away her eyes. 她把目光移开。
Their ideals have changed. 他们的理想变了。
(2) 形容词性物主代词与own连用表强调
I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼所见。
Mind your own business. 不要管闲事。
(3) 名词性物主代词在句中作主语、宾语或表语
Hers is a pretty colorless life.
她的生活是一种相当平淡的生活。（主语）
This is your coat. Mine is in the room.
这是你的外衣。我的在房间里。（主语）
She would shut herself up in her room, Julio in his.
她常把自己关在房间里，朱利奥也是一样。 (宾语)
My pen is broken. Please lend me yours.
我的钢笔坏了，请把你的借给我。(宾语)
—Whose book is this? 这是谁的书？
—It's mine. 是我的。(表语)
I knew that the house was hers. 我知道那房子是她的。（表语）
4. 反身代词的用法
(1) 反身代词在句中作宾语、表语、同位语等
I want to build myself a country house.
我想给自己建一座乡间别墅。(宾语)
He is always thinking of himself. 他总是想着他自己。(宾语)
They quarreled among themselves. 他们之间发生了争吵。(宾语)
Bob is not quite himself today. 鲍勃今天感到不适。(表语)
Be yourself, please. 请自然一点。(表语)
The representatives of the strikers wanted to see the boss himself.
罢工工人的代表想要见老板本人。(同位语)
I fixed the windows myself. 我自己装的窗户。(同位语)
(2) 反身代词与某些动词连用表示某种特定意义
Help yourself to some fruit. 请吃点水果。
He shaves himself once a day. 他一天刮一次脸。
Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?
你昨天为何没去上学？
(3) 反身代词用于某些固定习语中：
[1] by oneself 独自干；单干。
He said he wanted to go out to have a walk by himself.
他说他想独自出去散步。
I managed to do it by myself. 我是自己做成这件事的。
This is a machine that works by itself.
这是一台自动化的机器。
[2] for oneself 替自己；为自己；自己。
We'll have to judge for ourselves. 我们得自己来判断。
He demanded the right to decide for himself.
他要求得到自己做决定的权力。
[3] of oneself 自动地。
The enemy will not perish of himself. 敌人不会自行绝灭的。
[4] between ourselves 勿与外人道私下说的话。
All this is between ourselves. 这些都不能告诉别人。
Between ourselves, Mr. Black has gone abroad.
不要和外人讲，布莱克先生已出国了。
[5] among themselves ……之间。
They had a heated discussion among themselves.
他们之间进行了热烈的讨论。
[6] in oneself 本性；自身。
He is not bad in himself. 他本质不坏。
This is a good idea in itself. 这主意本身不错。
5. 相互代词的用法
(1) 相互代词在句中用作宾语
We did not know each other before. 我们以前互不认识。
They have been separated from one another for a long time.
他们分开很久了。
(2) 相互代词在句中作定语
They looked into each other's eyes for a silent moment.
他们彼此一时相对无言。
The two old men often call each other's nickname when they meet.
这两个老人见面时常常互相喊绰号。
(3) 补充
在汉语中有时没有“相互”“彼此”的词，而译成英语时却要使用相互代词。如：
They don't often see each other now. 他们现在不常见面。
Do you often write to one another? 你们常通信吗？
They have known each other before. 他们以前就认识。
6. 指示代词的用法
(1) 指示代词this， that， these， those在句作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等
Are these your books? 这些是你的书吗？（主语）
This is my first visit to America. 这是我第一次到美国来。（主语）
Who's that speaking? 请问是哪位？（打电话用语）（主语）
I will keep this in mind. 我会记住这一点的。（宾语）
You can choose one from these. 你可以从这些里面选一个。（宾语）
My idea is this. 这就是我的想法。（表语）
Oh, it's not that. 噢，问题不在那儿。（表语）
Do you know that man? 你认识那个人吗？（定语）
These flowers are very beautiful. 这些花非常漂亮。（定语）
He said he didn't want that much. 他说他不需要那么多。（状语）
The book is about this thick. 那本书大约有这么厚。（状语）
(2) 指示代词this和these指时间与空间上较近的事物，that和those指时间与空间上较远的事物
This building was built last year, that one was built many years ago. （表空间）
这栋大楼是去年建的，那栋是很多年前建的。
Those stars are too far away to be seen with naked eyes. （指空间）
那些星星离得太远，肉眼看不见。
During the whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like a man out of his wits. （表时间）
在整个这段时间，斯克鲁吉像是失魂落魄似的。
That stormy night, the witness was killed in the hospital.（表时间）
那个暴风雨之夜，证人在医院里被杀了。
(3) that和those指代前面提到过的事物，this和these指代随后要讲的事物
That view point is proved to be wrong, and this is what people are thinking correct now.
（that指前，this指后）
那个观点被证明是错误的，下面才是人们认为正确的观点。
Those are the problems we should solve. （those指前）
这些就是我们应该解决的问题。
Written on the placard are these words: we want peace. （these指后）
牌子上写着这样一些字：我们要和平。
(4) those作定语从句的先行词
Those who were present at the meeting were all celebrities.
出席会议的都是名流。
Those who are able to work were given jobs.
能工作的人都给分配了工作。
(5) 指示代词such在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等
Such is life. 生活就是这样。（主语）
Such often occurred in the past. 这种事情过去经常发生。（主语）
Take from the drawer such as you need.
从抽屉里拿你需要的东西吧。（宾语）
Just before Christmas they wanted help with trees and such.
正是在圣诞节前他们需要帮手来布置圣诞树之类的东西。（宾语）
The waves were such as I never saw before.
这样的海浪，我从未见过。（表语）
The foreign visitors said they had never seen such plants before.
外宾说他们以前从未见过这类植物。（定语）
(6) 补充
当名词后有限制性定语时，名词前不用this或that表示“这个”或“那个”，要用the。如：
May I have a look at the skirt you bought yesterday?
我能不能看一下你昨天买的裙子？
（skirt后有定语从句you bought yesterday，其前要用the。）
What do you think of the proposals put forward by Mr. Wang?
你觉得王先生提的建议怎么样？
（proposals后有过去分词短语put forward by Mr. Wang作定语，其前要用the）