介词的种类、短语及搭配
介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。
1. 介词的种类
英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类：
(1) 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词
① 简单介词是指单一介词。如：
at, in ,of, by, about, for, from , except , since, near, with 等。
② 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如：
Inside, outside, onto, into, throughout, without, as to as for, upon, except for 等。
③ 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如：
In front of, by means of, on behalf of, in spite of, by way of, in favor of, in regard to 等。
(2) 按词义分类
{1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如：
About, above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, from, in, into, near, off, on, over, through, throughout, to, towards, under, up, upon, with, within, without 等。
{2} 表时间的介词。如：
About, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until), to, towards, within 等。
{3} 表除去的介词。如：
beside, but, except 等。
{4} 表比较的介词。如：
As, like, above, over 等。
{5} 表反对的介词。如：
against, with 等。
{6} 表原因、目的的介词。如：
for, with, from 等。
{7} 表结果的介词。如：
to, with, without 等。
{8} 表手段、方式的介词。如：
by, in, with 等。
{9} 表所属的介词。如：
of, with 等。
{10} 表条件的介词。如：
on, without, considering 等。
{11} 表让步的介词。如：
despite, in spite, notwithstanding 等。
{12} 表关于的介词。如：
About, concerning, regarding, with regard to, as for, as to 等。
{13} 表对于的介词。如：
to, for over, at, with 等。
{14} 表根据的介词。如：
on, according to 等。
{15} 表其他的介词。如：
for（赞成），without（没有）等。
2. 介词短语
(1) 介词短语的构成
介词之后出现的名词、代词或其他相当于名词的结构、短语或从句叫介词宾语。介词短语是指介词和介词宾语构成的短语。介词短语的构成主要有下面的形式：
{1} 介词＋名词。如：
The headmaster lives near the school.
校长住在学校附近。
{2} 介词＋名词性从句。如：
I am curious as to what she will say.
我很想知道她想说什么。
{3} 介词＋代词。如：
What do you know about him?
关 于他，你都知道些什么？
{4} 介词＋动名词短语或其复合结构。如：
He is interested in swimming.
他对游泳感兴趣。
The painter is keen on collecting coins.
那位画家喜欢收集硬币。
There are no risk of you being late. 你不会迟到的。
{5} 介词＋连接词或连接副词引导的从句或不定式。如：
Your success will largely depend upon how you do it.
你成功与否将主要取决于你怎样做。
The teacher gave us a talk on how to study English.
老师给我们做了一个如何学英语的讲座。
{6} 介词＋数词。如：
Six from twelve is six.
12减6等于6。
{7} 介词＋形容词。如：
We know her of old.
我们老早就认识了她。
{8} 介词＋副词。如：
They worked all day and had a hurried lunch in between.
他们工作了一整天，中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。
(2) 介词短语的作用
介词短语在句中可作多种句子成分：
{1} 作主语。如：
From the library to the teaching building is a 5 minutes’ walk. 从图书馆到教学楼要走五分钟。
{2} 作表语。如：
Are you for the plan?
你赞成这个计划吗？
I was at my grandma's yesterday.
我昨天在我奶奶家。
{3} 作宾语。如：
He gave me until tomorrow.
他给我的期限是到明天。
The dog came out from behind the tree.
狗从树后出来。（behind the tree 作介词 from 的宾语）
{4} 作定语。如：
She is a woman of strong character.
她是位性格坚强的女人。
The expert will give us a lecture on how to improve soil.
这个专家将给我们作一个如何改良土壤的讲座。
{5} 作补语。如：
He woke up and found himself in hospital.
他醒来发现自己在医院里。（in hospital作宾补）
As a doctor, he is always patient with the patients.
作为一个医生，他一贯对患者很耐心。（As a doctor 作主补）
{6} 作状语。如：
I will be free on Tuesday morning.
星期二上午我有空。（时间状语）
We'll meet at the station.
我们将在火车站碰面。（地点状语）
She covered her face with her hands and cried.
她用双手捂着脸哭。（方式状语）
He left home and worked in a big city for the sake of money.
他为了赚钱，离家到一个大城市工作。（目的状语）
The tree died from want of water.
这棵树因缺水而死。（原因状语）
In spite of all his effort, he failed.
尽管他很努力，但还是失败了。（让步状语）
No living thing can live without water.
生物离开水都无法生存。（条件状语）
With the words, he came into the room.
他说着话就进来了。（伴随状 语）
To a great extent, it is not fair.
在很大程度上，这是不公平的。（程度状语）
In general her works have been good, but this one is dreadful.
总的来说，她的作品很不错，不过这篇很糟。( in general 作评注性状语)
It doesn't seem ugly to me, on the contrary, I think it's very beautiful.
我觉得它不丑，恰恰相反，我觉得它很美。（on the contrary 作连接性状语）
3. 介词与其他词类的固定搭配
介词常常和形容词、名词、动词等构成固定搭配，即某些词的后面常要求特定的介词以表示固定的意义。
(1) 形容词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 形容词 + about
Angry with 对……生气 anxious about 担心 calm about对……很平静
care bout 小心 careless about 粗心 certain about对……有把握
curious about 对……好奇 sure about 确信 doubtful about对……怀疑
enthusiastic about 对……热情的；热心的 hopeful about对……抱希望
frank about 对……坦白的；坦率的 incredulous about对……不相信
{2} 形容词 + at
clever at 擅长于…… expert at 对……熟练的 good at 擅长于……
indignant at 对……愤慨的 quick at 做……敏捷 slow at 对……反应慢
surprised at 对……吃惊
{3} 形容词 + for
anxious for 渴望的 eligible for 有资格的 famous for 因……而著名
fit for 对某人适宜 hungry for 对……渴望 late for 迟到
possible for 可能 qualified for 有资格的 ready for 准备好
responsible for 对……负责 necessary for 为……所必需
{4} 形容词 + from
absent from 缺席 free from 使……摆脱 prohibited from 禁止某事物
safe from 安全 detached from 分开某物 different from 与……不同
{5} 形容词 + in
absorbed in 专心于 disappointed in 对……失望 experienced in 有经验
expert in 在……熟练 fortunate in 有幸 interested in 对……感兴趣
rich in 富于；盛产 successful in 在……成功
{6} 形容词 + of
afraid of 害怕 ashamed of 羞耻 aware of 知道 certain of 确信
fond of 喜爱 guilty of 有罪的 proud of 骄傲 short of 缺乏
sick of 厌烦 tired of 厌倦 worthy of 值得
{7} 形容词 + to
contrary to 与……相反 determined to 有决心的 equal to 等于
familiar to 为……所熟悉 favorable to 对……有利 harmful to 有害的
inclined to 准备做某事 indifferent to 对……不在乎 similar to 相似；相同
{8} 形容词+with
angry with 对……感到恼火 annoyed at 对……烦恼 busy with 忙于
crowded with 拥挤 familiar with 精通；熟悉 friendly with 与……友好
nervous with 对……感到紧张 patient with 对……有耐心 popular with 受欢迎
satisfied with 对……满意
{9} 形容词+on
dependent on 依靠 intend on 坚决；专心 keen on 热衷于某事物 severe on 严格的
(2) 名词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 介词+名词。如：
at the cinema 在电影院 at university 上大学
from……point of view 从某人的角度 for the sake of 为了
in poverty 在穷困中 in earnest 有决心的
on sale 在出售 on the average 平均的
on the contrary 相反地
on the radio 通过收音机 to some extent 某种程度
to one's surprise 让某人吃惊 to one's delight 让某人高兴
{2} 名词+介词。如：
dependence on 依靠 independence on 不依靠
discussion about/on 关于……的讨论 hundreds on 数以百计的
thousands of 成千上万的 influence on 对……的影响
explanation of/for 对……的解释 half of ……的一半
the idea of ……的主意 lack of 缺乏
proof of ……的证据 reason of ……的原因
Responsibility for 对……的责任 success in/at 在……成功
(3) 动词与介词的固定搭配
{1} 动词 + 介词
agree with 同意；赞同 arrive at 到达 arrive in 到达
fall behind 落后 come from 来自 consist of 由……组成
get to 到达 hear from 收到……来信 hear of 听说
laugh at 嘲笑 listen to 听 look after 照看；照料
look at 看 look for 寻找 look like 看起来
{2} 动词+副词+介词
catch up with 赶上； 超过 take part in 参加
do well in 在……方面做得好 get on with 与某人相处
go on with继续 take care of 关心