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副词的功用

1. 句子副词

句子副词不是修饰句子的某一个成分,而是表示说话人对自己所说的话的态度。句子副词通常位于句首,其后通常有逗号。句子副词可以分为以下三类:

(1) 表示说话人说话时的态度。如:

Frankly, I look upon it as a very promising experiment.

坦白地说,我把它看作是一次很有希望的实验。

Personally, I see no objection to your leaving at once.

就我个人而言,我不反对你马上就走。

(2) 表示说话人对某一动作或情况可能性的评论。如:

Perhaps they are in need of our help.

也许他们需要我们的帮助。

Clearly you are right.

显然你是对的。

(3) 表示说话人对某一动作或情况的反应。如:

Fortunately, no one was hurt.

幸亏没有人受伤。

Naturally, he was lying.

他当然是在撒谎。

2. 连词副词

连词副词用以连接一个句子或从句与另一个句子或从句,根据意义,连接副词可分为以下几类:

(1) 表示列举和补充。如:

The task is very difficult; besides, time presses.

任务艰巨,而且时间紧迫。

The house is too small, and furthermore, it's too far from the city.

房子太小,而且离城太远。

(2) 表示转换话题。如:

The airlines charge half-price for the students. Incidentally, I've already bought my ticket to New York.

航空公司对学生收半价。顺便说一句,我已经买了去纽约的机票。

(3) 表示结果。如:

The weather has changed suddenly, and we must alter our plans for our travel accordingly.

天气突然变了,因而我们必须改变出行计划。

Catherine was a bright and eager student, and consequently, did well in school.

凯瑟琳是个聪明好学的学生,因此学习成绩很好。

(4) 表示否定的条件。如:

You'd better go now, otherwise you'll miss your train.

你最好现在就走,要不然就赶不上火车了。

He cannot be in his right senses else he would not make such wild statements.

他肯定神智不清,要不然就不会作出这样狂妄的声明了。

(5) 表示让步。如:

I am coming anyway, no matter what others say.

不管旁人怎么说,反正我准来。

However much advice you give him, he does exactly what he wants.

不管你给他多少劝告,他还是我行我素。

(6) 表示总结。如:

Altogether, our achievements are very great.

总的说来,我们的成绩是很大的。

Altogether the teacher is satisfied.

总的说来,老师是满意的。

(7) 表示对比。如:

Would you like to have a meeting about the matter this afternoon? Alternatively, we could discuss it at dinner.

你愿意今天下午开会讨论这件事吗?要不,我们可在吃晚饭时讨论。

3. 形容词和副词的比较等级

(1) 形容词比较级和最高级的构成
① 规则变化:

有些形容词的比较级和最高级可采用在词尾加 -er 和 -est 的形式,也可采用在单词前加more和most的形式,这类形容词有:clear , common , cruel, free, handsome, lively, often, pleasant, polite, pretty, quiet, secure, solid, stupid, timid, wicked 等。

② 不规则变化
原级比较级最高级
good wellbetterbest
many muchmoremost
latelater latterlatest last
littlelessleast
(2) 副词比较级和最高级的构成
① 规则变化

单音节词及少数双音节词在词尾加 -er 构成比较级,加 -est 构成最高级。如:

hard-harder-hardest    soon-sooner-soonest
fast-faster-fastest    slow-slower-slowest
early-earier-earliest

大多数副词是在其原形前加more 构成比较级,加most构成最高级,副词的最高级前可以加定冠词the,也可不加。如:

quicky     more quickly    most quickly
carefully   more carefully   most carefully
fluently    more fluently    most fluently
② 不规则变化
原级比较级最高级
wellbetterbest
littlelessleast
badlyworseworst
muchmoremost
(3) 形容词和副词比较等级的用法

形容词的比较级结构用来描述两种事物或人在性质、大小、高低等方面的差别。形容词的比较级的基本结构主要有:

① 形容词的比较级 +than。如:

Real friendship is more valuable than money.

真正的友谊比金钱更有价值。

This lesson is easier than the last one.

这课比上一课容易。

Illustration by example is sometimes better than explanation in words.

举例说明有时比用词语解释好。

② 形容词比较级+名词+than。如:

The professor knows more archaeology than most people.

在考古方面这位教授比大多数人知道得多。

I did more work in two hours than he had done all day.

我两小时干的活比他一整天干的活都多。

③ less +形容词原级+than。如:

Martin is less diligent than his sister.

马丁不如他姐姐用功。

④ less/fewer +形容词原级+名词+than 。如:

Nancy made fewer spelling mistakes than before.

南希现在的拼写错误比以前少了。

He had less money than he had before.

他现在的钱比以前少了。

If children were fed nourishing breakfast before they left for school, there would be fewer problems in the early morning classes.

如果孩子在上学前吃了有营养的早餐,那么在早晨课堂上发生的问题就会少些。

Why there is less traffic on the streets in February than in May.

为什么二月份街上的车辆要比五月份少?

⑤ the +形容词比较级+the +形容词比较级。如:

The more medicine I take, the worse I seem to feet.

越吃药我感觉似乎越糟。

The higher, the colder.

越高越冷。

The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is.

一个人越有学问,他通常会越谦虚。

(4) 形容词最高级的基本结构

形容词的最高级表示在一定范围内某类事或某人在性质、高低和大小等方面程度最高或最低。形容词最高级的基本结构为:the+形容词最高级+比较范围(如介词of或in的短语或that从句)。如:

He is the tallest boy in his class. 他是他们班上最高的男孩。

This is the best of all. 这是所有中最好的。

This is the most interesting film that I have seen.

这是我所看过的电影中最有趣的一部。

(5) 副词的比较级结构
① as+副词原级+as。这一结构表示两个事物或两个人之间的相同或相似。如:

Miller runs as fast as I.

米勒和我跑得一样快。

He speaks English as fluently as an Englishman.

他的英语说得和英国人一样流利。

② 其否定形式为:not so/as+副词原级+as

Usually adults don't learn a foreign languages as quickly as children.

通常成人学外语不如小孩快。

③ as+副词原级+as possible。这一结构表示尽可能地做某事。

He said he would write to me as soon as possible.

他说他会尽快给我写信。

④ 副词比较级+than...。这一结构表示一个事物或人比另一事物或人在某方面强。

She works harder than his brother does.

她比她弟弟学习努力。

Tom swims faster than I do.

汤姆比我游得快。

She goes shopping less frequently than she used to.

她不像以前那样经常购物了。

⑤ the+副词比较级……,the+副词比较级……。这一结构表示前者越……, 后者越……。如:

The more, the better.

越多越好。

The more you read, the more knowledge you will get.

你读书越多,获取的知识就越多。

(6) 副词最高级 + 表示范围的结构

表示范围的结构通常为含有介词 in ,of 或 among 的介词短语。副词最高级前的定冠词通常都会省略。如:

He runs (the) fastest in his class.

他是班里跑得最快的。

He works (the) hardest among the ten boys.

在这十个男孩中他学习最努力。

Of all his poems , I like this one best.

在他所有的诗中,我最喜欢这一首。

但要注意:在副词最高级前,可以不用the。