定语从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)通常皆放在它所修饰的名、代词之后,这种名、代词就叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。 定语从句在四、六级和研究生入学考试以及各类应试中都是一项重要的测试内容。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
在下面几种情况下必须用关系代词 that 引导定语从句:
(1) 先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, everything, nothing, anything, none 等。如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
(2) 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如:
This is the best movie I've ever seen.
这是我看到过的最好的一部电影。
(3) 先行词被 all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰时。如:
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
我读了你给我的所有的书。
(4) 先行词被 the only, the every, the same, the last 修饰时。如:
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
他就是我要谈话的那个人。
(5) 当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。如:
They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.
他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。
(6) 为 避免重复,在以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句中。如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours?
从图书馆借的哪一本书是你的?
(7) 用作关系代词,修饰表示时间的名词如 day, time, moment 代替 when 。如:
It happened on the day that/when he was born.
这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。
(8) 如果有两个定语从句,其中一个关系词已用 which 则另一个用 that 。如:
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.
这个国家建立了一个工厂,生产以前未曾见到过的东西。
(9) 主句以there be开头。如:
This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那个角落还有个座位空着。
2. 限制性定语从句
(1) who 引导的限制性定语从句
关系代词 who 用于指人,通常在句中作主语。在非正式文体中,who 可以代替 whom 在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语,而且常常省略。在作介词宾语时,不能位于介词之后。如:
A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.
医生是关照人们健康的人。
Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.
懂这一行的人是不会说这样的话的。
The man who I saw is called Smith.
我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。
There's no one works harder than you.
没有比你更用功的人了。
( no one 后省去了用作主语的 who )
(2) whom引导的限制性定语从句
The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.
她相遇的那位先生很有礼貌地和她讲话。
I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.
我刚遇到一位我上个星期见过的贵妇人。
关系代词 whom 用于指人,是 who 的宾格形式,在从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语,常常省略。whom 作介词宾语时,介词可位于 whom 之前或句末,在非正式文体中常位于句末;紧接介词的 whom 不能省略。
He wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books and music.
他想找个能共同研讨书和音乐的人。
This is the teacher (whom) we have talked about.
这就是我们谈论过的那个老师。
(3) whose引导的限制性定语从句
whose 是关系代词 who 的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。whose 通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物:
An electromagnet is a device whose magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.
电磁铁是一种由充电的磁铁产生磁力的装置。
You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的话他可能会听。
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。