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情态动词can、may、must的用法

1. can的用法

(1) can表示主语的能力。如:

The hall can seat 1,000 people. 这个大厅能坐1000人。

Can you play the piano? 你会弹钢琴吗?

(2) can表示说话人的猜测(即可能性),多用于否定句和疑问句。如:

Can it be true? 这能是真的吗?

The moon can't always be at the full. 月不可能总是圆的。

What can she mean? 她可能是什么意思呢?

(3) can表示许可。如:

This sort of thing can't go on. 这样的事不能再继续下去了。

You can't smoke here. 你不可在这里吸烟。

(4) “can+完成式”表示说话人对过去情况的猜测(只用于否定和疑问结构中)。如:

He can't have missed the way. I explained the route carefully and drew him a map.

他不会迷路。我对他详细说明了路线,还画了一张地图。

Can the team have left already? 球队已经离开了吗?

2. could的用法

(1) could 表示主语的能力,为 can 的过去时形式,如:

Daisy couldn't come yesterday because she was ill.

戴西昨天不能来是因为她病了。

They said they could swim. 他们说他们会游泳。

(2) could 表示说话人的猜测(即可能性)。如:

He could be right. 他或许是对的。

Could it be Henry? 可能是亨利吗?

At that time we thought the story could not be true.

那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。

(3) could表示许可。如:

Father said I could swim in the river.

爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。

Could I help you? 我能帮忙吗? (比 Can I help you? 婉转)

The man asked if he could smoke in the hall.

那个人问可不可以在大厅里吸烟。

(4) “could+完成式”用于肯定句时一般表示过去可能完成却未完成的动作。如:

I could have reported you. 我本可以报告你的。

You could have let me know earlier. 你本来该早一些告诉我。

3. may的用法

(1) may表示许可,多用于肯定句和疑问句中,否定句中不常用。如:

May I ask you a question?

我可以问你个问题吗?(比Can I ask you a question?更礼貌)

You may keep the book for two weeks.

这本书你可以借两周。

(2) may表示可能性,常用于肯定句和否定句中,指现在或将来的可能性。如:

It may be true. 那可能是真的。

The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。

(3) “may+完成式”表示说话人对过去情况的猜测。如:

Eva may have missed her train. 伊娃可能误火车了。

He may have read the book. 他可能读过这本书。

(4) may as well(=might as well)是一个习语,作“不妨”或“完全有理由”或“还是……的好”解,用于提出建议。如:

You may as well stay where you are. 你还是原地呆着好。

All the pubs are closing.We may as well go home.

所有的酒馆都打烊了。我们还是回家吧。

在对由may引出的“请求许可”的问句做出肯定回答时,通常不用过于严肃和正式的“Yes, you may.”,而多用“Yes, please?(请便)”或“Of course/ Certainly(当然可以).”;否定回答时,常用 “Please don't(请不要).”或“No, you mustn't(不行).”

4. might的用法

(1) might表示许可。如:

Might I have a word with you? 我可以同你说句话吗?

Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提一项建议吗?

Might we ask you a favour? 我们可以请你帮个忙吗?

但要注意:Might I...比May I...更客气,但是不如May I...常用。

(2) might表示说话人的猜测,其把握性比may小。如:

Mr Smith might be right. 史密斯先生或许是对的。

He might have some fever. 他可能有点发烧。

(3) might用于委婉地提出建议、责备等。如:

You might ask him for help. 你可以请他帮忙嘛。

You might ask before you borrow my car.

你可以先问问我再借我的车嘛。

(4) “might+完成式”(表示说话人对过去情况的抱怨、责备、遗憾等)。如:

You might have considered her feelings. 你本应考虑她的感受。

You might have let me know earlier. 你本来该早一些告诉我。

5. must的用法

(1) must表义务或强制。如:

I must go now. 我必须走了。

Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。

Visitors must leave bags in the cloakroom.

参观者须把包放到物品寄存处。

must用于一般疑问句时,其肯定答语应用 Yes, please. 或 I'm afraid so. 其否定答语应用 needn't 或don't have to.

—Must I go tomorrow? 明天我必须去吗?

—Yes, please. 是的。

—No, you needn't. 不,你不必去。

must的否定式must not/mustn't表示禁止。

You mustn't leave here. 你不许离开这儿。

Cars mustn't be parked in front of the entrance. 车不能停在入口处。

(2) must表示说话人有把握的猜测,仅限于肯定句。如:

He must be at home now. 他现在肯定在家。

You must be joking. 你一定是在开玩笑。

He must be mad. 他一定是疯了。

(3) “must+进行式”表示对现在情况有把握的猜测,仅限于肯定句。如:

You must be joking. 你一定是在开玩笑吧。

(4) “must+完成式”表示对过去情况有把握的猜测,仅限于肯定句。如:

You must have known what he wanted.

你当时肯定知道他想干什么。

Emm must have been very young when she got married.

埃玛结婚时一定很年轻。

(5) “must+完成进行式”表示对过去情况有把握的猜测,仅限于肯定句。如:

He must have been working. 他肯定一直在工作。