副词的功用
1. 句子副词
句子副词不是修饰句子的某一个成分,而是表示说话人对自己所说的话的态度。句子副词通常位于句首,其后通常有逗号。句子副词可以分为以下三类:
(1) 表示说话人说话时的态度。如:
Frankly, I look upon it as a very promising experiment.
坦白地说,我把它看作是一次很有希望的实验。
Personally, I see no objection to your leaving at once.
就我个人而言,我不反对你马上就走。
(2) 表示说话人对某一动作或情况可能性的评论。如:
Perhaps they are in need of our help.
也许他们需要我们的帮助。
Clearly you are right.
显然你是对的。
(3) 表示说话人对某一动作或情况的反应。如:
Fortunately, no one was hurt.
幸亏没有人受伤。
Naturally, he was lying.
他当然是在撒谎。
2. 连词副词
连词副词用以连接一个句子或从句与另一个句子或从句,根据意义,连接副词可分为以下几类:
(1) 表示列举和补充。如:
The task is very difficult; besides, time presses.
任务艰巨,而且时间紧迫。
The house is too small, and furthermore, it's too far from the city.
房子太小,而且离城太远。
(2) 表示转换话题。如:
The airlines charge half-price for the students. Incidentally, I've already bought my ticket to New York.
航空公司对学生收半价。顺便说一句,我已经 买了去纽约的机票。
(3) 表示结果。如:
The weather has changed suddenly, and we must alter our plans for our travel accordingly.
天气突然变了,因而我们必须改变出行计划。
Catherine was a bright and eager student, and consequently, did well in school.
凯瑟琳是个聪明好学的学生,因此学习成绩很好。
(4) 表示否定的条件。如:
You'd better go now, otherwise you'll miss your train.
你最好现在就走,要不然就赶不上火车了。
He cannot be in his right senses else he would not make such wild statements.
他肯定神智不清,要不然就不会作出这样狂妄的声明了。
(5) 表示让步。如:
I am coming anyway, no matter what others say.
不管旁人怎么说,反正我准来。
However much advice you give him, he does exactly what he wants.
不管你给他多少劝告,他还是我行我素。
(6) 表示总结。如:
Altogether, our achievements are very great.
总的说来,我们的成绩是很大的。
Altogether the teacher is satisfied.
总的说来,老师是满意的。
(7) 表示对比。如:
Would you like to have a meeting about the matter this afternoon? Alternatively, we could discuss it at dinner.
你愿意今天下午开会讨论这件事吗?要不,我们可在吃晚饭时讨论。
3. 形容词和副词的比较等级
(1) 形容词比较级和最高级的构成
① 规则变化:
有些形容词的比较级和最高级可采用在词尾加 -er 和 -est 的形式,也可采用在单词前加more和most的形式,这类形容词有:clear , common , cruel, free, handsome, lively, often, pleasant, polite, pretty, quiet, secure, solid, stupid, timid, wicked 等。
② 不规则变化
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
---|---|---|
good well | better | best |
many much | more | most |
late | later latter | latest last |
little | less | least |
(2) 副词比较级和最高级的构成
① 规则变化
单音节词及少数双音节词在词尾加 -er 构成比较级,加 -est 构成最高级。如:
hard-harder-hardest soon-sooner-soonest
fast-faster-fastest slow-slower-slowest
early-earier-earliest