现在分词在句子中的成分
现在分词（The Present Participle）是一种限定动词。它由动词原形加词尾 -ing 构成。现在分词有双重性，它一方面有动词的性质，可以有状语和宾语，另一方面又有形容词的性质，可以用作定语。现在分词在各类考试中都是一项重要的测试内容。
1. 现在分词（短语）作表语
(1) 分词作表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词作表语，一种是过去分词作表语，究竟是用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。
一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如 excite，interest 等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是 -ing 形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用 -ed 形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...， 若人/ 物本身有兴趣时，就是说 sb/sth is interesting。
这类词常见的有：
interesting 使人感到高兴 — interested 感到高兴的
exciting 令人激动的 — excited 感到激动的
delighting 令人高兴的 — delighted 感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的 — disappointed 感到失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的 — encouraged 感到鼓舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的 — pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的 — puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的 — satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的 — surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的 — worried 感到担心的
如：
Traveling is interesting but tiring.
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
如果让学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.
他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.
听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
(2) 分词作表语时，相当于形容词，不可与构成进行时态和被动语态中的分词混淆起来。它们的形式是一样但可以从意义上予以区别。试比较：
The film is moving.
这电影很感人。（表语，说明主语的性质）
They are moving next Sunday ．
他们下个周日搬家。（现在进行时，表示动作）
The bookstore is now closed.
书店现在已关门了。（表语，说明主语所处的状态）
The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p. m. .
书店通常在下午 7:30 关门。（被动语态，表示动作）
2. 现在分词（短语）作定语
(1) 单个的现在分词作定语时通常前置。如：
I'm reading an interesting novel.
我在读一本非常有趣的小说。
She is a charming child.
她是一个招人喜爱的孩子。
One of the delegates asked an embarrassing question.
其中有位代表提了一个令人难堪的问题。
This is a pressing question. 这是一个紧迫的问题。
(2) 现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Most of the young teachers working in the university are Ph.D. .
在这所大学工作的大多数年轻教师都是博士。（working＝who working in this university）
Do you know the number of people coming to the party ?
你知道来参加晚会的人数吗？（coming=who will come）
The man speaking to us the other day has gone to Japan.
那天同我们讲话的那个人到日本去了。（speaking=who spoke）
3. 现在分词（短语）作状语
(1) 现在分词（短语）作时间状语
Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.
(=when she was walking along the street one day .)
有一天当她正沿着大街向前走时，她看见一个小女孩朝她跑了过来。
While crossing the street, you must be careful.
当你横过马路时，一定要小心。
(=while you cross the street.)
现在分词（短语）强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，前面可带 when, while, after, before, since 等从属连词。如：
When visiting a strange city，I like to have a guide-book with me.
游览陌生城市时，我喜欢随身带着导游手册。
While flying over the Channel，the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.
飞过英吉利海峡时，驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。
(2) 现在分词（短语）作原因状语
Having no place to go to, the man wandered about in the street.
由于没有要去的地方，那个男人只好在街上徘徊。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
(=because he was ill)
他由于病了，昨天就没有去上学。
Living in the country, we had few social engagements.
(=Because we were living in the country)
我们住在乡村，交际的机会很少。
Seeing that it was raining，George put on his mackintosh.
鉴于下雨，乔治穿上了雨衣。（seeing that 是一个原因的固定说法）
(3) 现在分词（短语）作结果状语
Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg.
简从自行车上摔下，划破了腿。
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.
大雨滂沱，造成了那个国家洪水泛滥。
(4) 现在分词（短语）作条件状语
Working hard, you will succeed.
努力工作，你就会成功。
Standing on the building, you can see the whole city.
站在那座楼上，你会看到整个城市。
(5) 现在分词（短语）作让步状语
Such committees, being evenly balanced, almost never succeed in making unequivocal judgements.
这种委员会虽然代表性很均衡，但几乎从未做出十分明确的决断。
Although living miles away, he got around to visiting her.
尽管住在几英里以外，他还是去看她了。
While not being optimistic, I have not given up all hope.
虽然不乐观，但是我还没有放弃一切希望。
(6) 现在分词（短语）作方式状语
She came running back to tell us the news.
她跑着回来告诉我们这个消息。
Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.
玛丽站在校门口等贝蒂。
She looked out of the window, as though thinking.
她向窗外望去，似乎在思考。
(7) 现在分词（短语）作伴随状语
His wife came into the house carrying a bundle of clothes.
他妻子拿着一包衣服走进屋内。
Raymond entered college at the age of eighteen, graduating four years later at the head of his class.
雷蒙德18岁上大学，4年之后毕业时名列前茅。
(8) 现在分词（短语）在某些固定结构中作状语
① 现在分词（短语）在 spend time / money / energy doing 中作状语。如：
I wish you wouldn't spend so much time watching television.
我希望你不要花这么多时间看电视。
He spends a lot of money entertaining his friends.
他花很多钱款待朋友。
The secretary spent his energy organizing the rally.
秘书为大会的组织工作用尽了力气。
② 现在分词（短语）在（be）busy doing 中作状语。如：
The workers were busy unloading carts.
工人们忙着卸车。
He was busy packing.
他正忙着收拾行装。
③ 现在分词（短语）在 have difficulty/trouble/a difficult time doing 中作状语。如：
The boy had little difficulty learning mathematics.
那男孩学数学没有什么困难。
The two friends had a hard time getting here.
两位朋友到这里来一路辛苦。
At first she had a little trouble following the lectures.
起初她上课听讲有点困难。
④ 现在分词（短语）在 keep doing 中作状语。如：
Why do you keep saying that?
你为什么老说那件事？
⑤ 现在分词（短语）在 go doing 中作状语。如：
He often goes running.
他经常跑步。
4. 现在分词（短语）作宾语补足语
(1) 现在分词（短语）在感官动词 feel，hear，notice，observe，perceive，see，smell，watch，listen to，look at 等之后作宾补。如：
I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.
我看见那个顽皮孩子打狗。
One could hear her singing as she ran upstairs.
你可以听到她边唱歌边跑上楼。
We found him waiting to receive us.
我们发现他等着欢迎我们。
Many people observed the ship leaving the harbor.
许多人看到船驶离了港口。
(2) 现在分词（短语）在使役动词 get，have 及 bring（致使），keep（使），leave（使），send（使），set（使开始）， start（使开始）等之后作宾补。如：
The doctor will soon have you walking about again.
医生将很快地使你能再走动。（have在此表示允诺）
I won't have you shouting at me the way.
我不容许你这样对我喊叫。（have在此用于不允许）
The children kept the fire burning all the time.
孩子使火一直燃烧着。
(3) 现在分词（短语）在其他动词 catch，detect，discover，find，want 等之后作宾补。如：
The manager caught me smoking in the office again.
经理又抓住我在办公室抽烟了。
We don't want you becoming too confident.
我不希望你变得太自信。
I found her reading in bed.
我发现她在床上看书。