定语从句

adjective clauses
完整句子做定语
形容词做定语放在被修饰词前面
完整句子做定语放在被修饰词后面

定语从句的重要概念
先行词：被修饰或限定的词（the people）
关系词：重复指代先行词，起连接作用并在定语从句中充当成分
代词作用：重复指代先行词，从句中充当成分
连接作用：连接主句和从句的作用

关系代词的用法
先行词指人who，whom
先行词指物which
先行词指人或物均可：that，whose

先行词指人
who和whom区别
1.who在从句中可做主语，宾语，表语，但who之前不可用介词
I like the people who I work with
I like the people with whom I work
2.whom在定语从句中不能做主语，可以做表语或宾语
A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.

表示人或物的所有关系：whose + 名词：在从句中可做主语，动词宾语，介词宾语
a. When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away.
b. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time
动词宾语
c. Atlas(in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested.
介词宾语

先行词指物
a. which可以指代单个名词
Perhaps it is human to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not
b. which可以指代单个短语
He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.
c. which可以指代前面整个句子
She wore her swimming things in the office, which shocked her boss a great deal.

非限定性定语从句：被修饰的句子不需要定语从句意思也完整，只是补充说明

that指代人或指代物：注意不可以用在介词后面
The world that/which we live in is made up of matter.
The world in which we live is made up of matter.
最好用that情况
1. 先行词有人也有物时，用that
The writer and his novels that the article deals with are quite familiar to us.
2. 先行词为指物的all, little, few, much, none, the first用that
a. All that glitters is not gold.
b. This book contains little that is useful.
c. There is not much that can be done.
d. As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome.
3. 先行词是不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything用that
a. Is there anything that I can do for you?
b.Greater expense does not always equal better gift, I would much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than something that cost a lot of money but that I didn’t need or want. I would much rather receive something that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality that something that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about.
4. 先行词被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little, 序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the very, the right, the last，修饰时用that
a. Tell us all things that you know.
b. There is no difficulty (that) they can’t overcome.
c. The only thing that we should do is find our way home.
d. The very problem that I want to solve is like this.
e. He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company.

关系代词省略
关系代词who, whom, which, that 若在定语从句中用作宾语，可以省略
a. Tina likes the present which I gave her for her birthday.
b. Tina likes the present that I gave her for her birthday.
c. Tina likes the present I gave her for ther birthday.
d. I like the people who I work with.
e. I like the people I work with.
f. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
g. I’m talking abouot friends you can share almost everything with.

关系副词的用法：when, where, why，从句中做时间状语，地点状语， 原因状语
1.先行词指时间
when 引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，先行词须是表示时间的名词
day, year, time, when可以用on which来替换
a. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
b. I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
c. We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy.
d. The day may soon come when we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home.
2. 关系副词when在从句中做时间状语
当心：表示时间的先行词，若定语从句中不缺少状语和是缺少宾语或主语，要用which或
that来引导定语从句。因为when来引导定语从句的前提条件是：when 在其引导的定语从句中做时间状语。
a. The day, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm. (which做主语)
b. I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus. (which做spent宾语)
c. I’ll never forget the day when we first met in the park. (when做时间状语修饰met)

where的用法 = at which或in which
1. where引导定语从句，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，如place, house
a. Do you know any place where I can buy Clint’s grammar book?
b. Do you know any place at which I can buy Clint’s grammar book?
c. This is the town where(in which) I spent my childhood.
d. This is the restaurant where I often have my breakfast.
2. 关系副词where在从句中做地点状语
a. This is the town where I spent my childhood.
b. This is the town which I told you about before. which做about的宾语
c. The library where students often study was on fire last night.
d. The library, which was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated.
e. One of the places which I want to visit someday is Tibet. which做visit宾语

why的用法：只用来引导限制定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词
因为说明原因，所以不是补充说明，不能做非限制定语从句 = for which
This is the reason why I didn’t come here

限制性和非限制性的定语从句
形式上：有无 “，” 分割开来
限制性定语从句
作用：用来提供必要的信息，限定身份或性质，限制范围，若去掉从句，含义不明
例子：I don’t like people意思不明
I don’t like people who never keep their words.
非限制性定语从句
作用：提供附加的非必要信息，补充说明或解释，去掉从句，不会引起误解。
例子：Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city.
如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，我用一般用逗号，就是要用非限定性定语从句。
因为专有名词本身意思已经很完整，不需要限制，只是用定语从句进行补充

用不用逗号的句子意义有差别

限制性	非限制性	解释
he has a daughter who works in a hospital	he has a daughter, who works in a hospital	a，表示他有多个女儿，其中一个在医院工作 b，强调他有一个女儿，不是儿子，在医院工作
the food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off.	the food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off	a，没有放在冰箱里的那部分食物坏了 b，食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。此时的定语从句补充说明变坏的原因。

限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语形式“….的”  
非性质性定语从句往往翻译成各种状语  
a. the food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.  
     翻译成原因状语从句  
b. the Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom the especially wished to talk  
     翻译成原因状语从句  
c. the people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.  
     条件状语从句  
d. the millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t need at all  
     让语状语从句

that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1.that是否做成分：that在定语从句中充当成分，在同位语从句中不做任何成分
a. the rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.
b. the rumor that tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.
a 中that在从句he spread everywhere 做成分，充当spread的宾语，为定语从句
b 中that在从句tom was a thief中不做任何成分。
2.从句作用
定语从句相当于形容词，他对先行词起到修饰，描述和限制的作用。
同位语从句相当于一个名词，他是前面名词的内容的具体表述。两者是同位的关系。