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不定式的时态、复合结构及省略

1. “疑问词(who, what, which, when, where, how)+不定式(短语)”结构

(1) “疑问词+不定式(短语)”作主语。如:

When to start has not been decided.

何时动身尚未决定。

How to use this new technique will be discussed tomorrow.

如何利用这一新技术将在明天讨论。

(2) “疑问词+不定式(短语)”作表语。如:

The trouble is how to get in touch with him.

问题是如何同他取得联系。

The difficulty was how to cross the river.

困难在于如何过河。

(3) “疑问词+不定式(短语)”作动词宾语。如:

I don’ t know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。

The policeman did not know whether to go there or not.

警察不知是否该去那儿。

He told me which way to take. 他告诉我该走哪条路。

(4) “疑问词+不定式(短语)”作介词宾语。如:

They were concerned with how to solve the problem. 他们关心的是如何解决问题。

I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。

2. 不定式时态的形式(一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式)

(1) 不定式的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生。如:

I often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.

我常常听见迪克在隔壁弹钢琴。 (hear与play两个动作同时发生)

They saw him go out.

他们看见他出去了。 (saw与go out同时发生)

(2) 但在多数情况下,动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:

He hopes to become a university student this year.

他希望今年能成为一名大学生。 (to become这个动作发生在hope之后)

They decided to plant more trees this spring.

他们决定今年春天栽更多的树。 (to plant这个动作发生在decided之后)

(3) 不定式的进行式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。

My supervisor happened to be correcting my dissertation when I came in.

当我进来的时候,碰巧我的导师在修改我的论文。

They seemed to be discussing something important.

他们似乎在讨论重要的事情。

(4) 不定式的完成式通常表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。如:

I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.

很抱歉,让你久等了。 (to have kept发生在am所表示的时间之前)

Robert is said to have written a book on war on Iraq.

听说罗伯特写了一本关于伊拉克战争的书。

(to have written 发生在is said 所表示的时间之前)

(5) 不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者。如:

It's a great honor to be invited to Mary's birthday party.

被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会十分荣幸。 (作主语)

No harm seems to have been done.

似乎并没有造成损害。 (作表语)

I wish to be sent to work in the country.

我希望被派往乡下工作。 (作宾语)

In 1924 Nellie Taylor Ross of Wyoming became the first woman to be elected governor in the United States.

1924年,怀俄明州的内利?泰勒?罗斯成为美国第一位当选州长的妇女。(作定语)

I had to shout to be heard.

我大声呼喊以便能被听得见。 (作状语)

He did not like his intention to be laughed at.

他不喜欢他的意图被人取笑。(作宾语补足语)

3. 不定式复合结构

不定式可以与其逻辑主语一起构成不定式复合结构,其形式:for+名词/人称代词宾格+带to的不定式。其中的名词或人称代词宾格与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系。不定式复合结构的句法作用如下:

(1) 不定式复合结构作主语。如:

For a child to do that job is just inconceivable.

让一个孩子做这项工作真是不可思议。

For the goods to be packed in strong cases is necessary.

把货物包装在坚实的箱子里是必要的。

(2) 不定式复合结构作表语。如:

That is for you to decide.

那个由你决定。

A solution would be for shops to open at noon and close about 9 p.m..

办法是商店中午开门,晚9点关门。

These books are for children to read.

这些书是给孩子们读的。

(3) 不定式复合结构作宾语。如:

It's time for us to go. 我们该走了。

That would be a matter for the people to decide.

这些人难以抉择。

(4) 不定式复合结构作状语。

不定式复合结构作目的状语。如:

The gentleman stood aside for her to pass.

那位先生靠边站让她过去。

He opened the window (in order) for the fresh air to come in.

他打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。

4. 不定式的省略

如果句子前面已出现过同样的动词,为了避免重复,常省去不定式动词,只保留不定式符号“to”。主要用在以下方面:

(1) 在hate, hope, like, love, mean, plan, try, want, wish 等动词以及 glad, pleased 形容词之后。 如:

—Did you get a ticket?

—你买到票了吗?

—No. I tried to. But there were not any left.

—没有。我去买过,但却卖完了。

(2) 情态动词ought to, used to, need后。如:

—Do you smoke? —Not now, but I used to.

—你抽烟吗? —现在不抽了,但过去常常抽的。

Why hurry? There's no need to.

急什么? 没有必要。

(3) 类似于助动词,情态动词的be able to, be going to, have to 之后。如:

I wanted to go but I wasn't able to.

我本想去的,但没能去。

—Have you fed the cat? —No, but I'm just going to.

—你喂猫了吗? —没有,但我正要去喂。

(4) 有时to可以省略,也可以保留。如:

Royce may go if he likes (to).

罗伊斯如果想去也可以去。