跳到主要内容

疑问代词和关系代词

1. 疑问代词的用法

(1) who

[1] who的意思是“谁”,是主格,通常作主语。如:

​ Who is that woman? 那个妇女是谁?

​ Who are those people? 那些人是谁?

[2] who在口语中可代替whom作宾语。如:

​ Who did you ask about it? 关于那件事你问过谁了?

(2) whom

whom 的意思是“谁”,是宾格,在句中作宾语,常用于书面语中。如:

​ whom do you want to see? 你想见谁?

​ Whom do you talk about? 你们在谈论谁?(whom作介词about的宾语)

(3) whose

[1] whose的意思是“谁的”,属格,具有名词和形容词的性质。如:

​ Whose book is this? 这是谁的书?(形容词性)

​ Whose is this book? 这书是谁的?(名词性)

[2] whose可在句中作如下成分。

​ 作主语。如:Whose is better? 谁的更好?

​ 作表语。如:Whose are these pencils? 这些铅笔是谁的?

​ 作宾语。如:Whose are you going to borrow? 你打算借谁的?

​ 作定语。如:Whose umbrella is this? 这是谁的伞?

(4) what

[1] what的意思是“什么”,具有名词和形容词的性质。如:

​ What are you doing? 你在做什么?(名词性)

​ What sport do you like best? 你最喜欢的运动是什么?(形容词性)

[2] what可在句中作如下成分。
作主语。如:

​ what's happening? 发生了什么事?

作表语。如:

​ What is your mother? 你母亲是干什么工作的?

作宾语。如:

​ What do you mean? 你是什么意思?

​ What did you talk to him about? 你和他说了什么?(介词宾语)

作定语。如:

​ What color do you like? 你喜欢什么颜色?

(5) which

which的意思是“哪个”,which在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等成分。

作主语。如:

​ This is my bag. Which is yours? 这是我的书包,哪个是你的?

作表语。如:

​ Which is your favorite subject? 你最喜欢哪个科目?

​ I can't tell which is which because they are so alike. 我分辨不出谁是谁,因为他们太像了。

作宾语。如:

​ Which do you like best? 你最喜欢哪一个?

作定语。如:

​ Which glasses do you want? 你想要哪些杯子?

​ Which platform does the London train leave? 去伦敦的火车从哪个站台开出?

(6) who, what 和which 后可加ever来加强语气

​ Whatever are you thinking about? 你到底在想些什么?

​ Whoever are you looking for? 你到底在找谁?

​ Whichever do you prefer? 你究竟要哪个?

2. 关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法

(1) 关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which的用法

英语中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分, 如主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:

​ This is the man who saved your son.

​ 这就是救了你儿子的那个人。(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)

​ The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.

​ 我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆。(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)

​ A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.

​ 失去父母的孩子是孤儿。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是child)

​ He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.

​ 他想要个窗户面临大海的房间。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)

[1] who,whom和whose

who和whom代表人,在从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,可省略。但若whom作介词宾语且介词放在其前时,不能省略;如介词位于句末时,可以省略。whose代表某人的,在从句中作定语。如:

​ The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, never decides.

​ 坚持看清楚一切后才做决定的人永远也做不了决定。(who作主语)

​ He is a man whom everybody respects.

​ 他是一个人人都尊敬的人。(whom作宾语,可以省略)

​ He is a man from whom we all should learn.

​ 他是我们大家都应该学习的人。 (whom作介词宾语且介词位于其前,不能省略)

​ (此句也可以是:He is a man (whom) we should all learn from.)

​ The people whose houses were damaged will be compensated.

​ 房子被损坏了的人将给予补偿。

Who, whom和whose可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表某人或某人的,此时不能用that。如:

​ My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.

​ 我姐姐回家住了几天,她是个护士。

[2] which

which代表物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略,但作介词宾语且介词位于其前时不能省略。如:

​ The book which helps you most are those which make you think most.

​ 最能使你获益的书是那些最能让你深思的书。(作主语)

​ This is a factor which we must not neglect.

​ 这是一个我们绝不能忽略的因素。(作宾语,可省略)

​ Where is the book from which you quoted this sentence?

​ 你引用这句话的那本书在哪儿?(作介词宾语且介词位于其前时,不能省略)

which可用于非限制性定语从句中,代表物。如:

​ The book, which I bought second-hand, is made of oak.

​ 我买的这张书桌是用橡木做的,它是二手货。

[3] that

that可以代表事也可代表人,在从句中可以作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,但不能用于非限制性定语从句中。代表人时who比that用的多些,代表物时that比which用的多些。如:

​ The letter that came this morning is from my mother.

​ 今天早晨收到的那封信是我母亲寄来的。(that代表物,在从句中作主语)

​ Those students that failed the exam will have to take it again.

​ 考试不及格的学生必须补考。(that代表人,在从句中作主语)

​ Have you forgotten about the money (that) I lent you last week?

​ 你忘了上星期我借给你钱的事了吗?(that代表物,在从句中作宾语,可省略)

​ All the people (that) I invited have agreed to come.

​ 所有我邀请了的人都同意来。(that代表人,在从句中作宾语,可省略)

​ The hotel (that) we stayed at was both cheap and comfortable.

​ 我们住的那家旅馆既便宜又舒服。(that代表物,在从句中作介词宾语,可省略)

(2) 补充说明

下列情况下,定语从句的关系代词只能用that,不能用which或who。

[1] 当先行词中有形容词的最高级时。如:

​ Shakespeare is the greatest poet that English has ever had.

​ 莎士比亚是英国所拥有的最伟大的诗人。

​ Is this the best that you can do?

​ 你最多只能做到这样吗?

[2] 当先行词为代词all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing时。如:

​ Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard.

​ 任何想要获得成功的人必须努力工作。

[3] 当先行词中有含有any, every, no, only, the first, the last, the same时。如:

​ You are the only person that can help me. 你是唯一能帮助我的人。

​ Take the first chance that offers. 抓住出现的第一个机会。

(3) 没有先行词的关系代词

如果关系代词引导的从句不是作定语修饰先行词而是充当句子成分,这种关系代词就没有先行词,它只起连接作用。这种关系代词有:what, whatever, whoever, whichever, wherever等。如:

​ What woke me up was a splashing noise.

​ 把我吵醒的是一阵溅水的声音。(what从句作主语)

​ I don't know what good they could have done.

​ 我不知道他们能起什么好作用。(what从句作宾语)

​ Whoever breaks the law is punished in the end.

​ 违法者终将被惩罚。(whoever引导的从句作主语)